SAKHI TUINEKNA PANIN PAN LE'NG....

 SAKHI' TUINEKNA PANIN PAN LE'NG.... 

One-party system leh dictatoship tawh ki-ukcipna deih loin kici in 1988 pekin 8888 Uprising kici ah 12 Mar 1988 – 21 Sep 1988 kikal sung junta regime government na lehdo cihtakin na lehdo uh hi. Junta dictatorship leh one-party system tawh ki-ukcipna deih loin Rangoon Arts and Sciences University and the Rangoon Institute of Technology (RIT) university sangnaupangte' makaihna tawh 8888 Uprising (Burmese: ၈၈၈၈ အရေးအခင်း , also known as the People Power Uprising and the 1988 Uprising) ah gam bup sungah lungphona, lampi zuihna leh lungphona ah mihon leh security kitualvatna ah ngongtatna (riots) na piang hi. 

8888 Uprising ah official count ah mi 350 si a kicih hangin mi 3,000 - 10,000 junta security forces in that dingin kituat hi. (February 1, 2021 coup nasia in a kigen hangin 8888 Uprising kha nga sungin mi 3000-10,000 si dinga kituat zah tawh tehkak hi leng February 1 coup khit nung kha guk val khinin sawt zaw khin ta napi-in junta security thah mi November 8, 2021 dong mi 1,244 si ta hi ci-in Bangkok-based advocacy group Assistance of Associations for Political Prisoners data tawh teh dingin a nasia lo zaw tham hi zaw lai hi) 

8888 Uprising hangin Ne Win kitawp (resign) a, election neih dingin a kamciamna bangun a neih hangun a election results junta in sang nuam loin 2011 dong ukcip suak veve lai hi. Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSP) min zangin Ne Win' dictatoship khit 1988 dong a uk Saw Maung' khit Than Swe hong khangkhia a, State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) tawh ki-ukna hong piang hi. Tua khit 30 March 2011, Senior General leh Council Chairman Than Shwe in State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) hong phiat khit nungin USDP hong piangkhia leuleu hi. 

2011 panin  quasi-democracy system tawh USDP makaihna nuai-ah 2011-2016 kikal Than Sein in Myanmar' president hong len a, democracy lamah mainawtna leh gam ki-ukna vai kilaihna hong pian' manin 2015 leh 2020 general elections hong piang thei hi. Ahih hangin USDP leh military in 2020 general election ah a guallelh lianpi uh a sung uh tawh kituak lo ahih manin 1962 coup d'ètat hun bangin Myanmar in ui bangin a luak khiatsa ne kik a, February 1 coup d'ètat khit nungin dictatorship tawh ki-ukcipna leh one-party system mah hong piang kik a, Than Sein' democratic reforms bawlsa teng go lum kik leuleu hi.

Ne Win, Saw Maung leh Than Swe' hunin gal leh sa a tuak ngei vet lo a tamzaw leh pota (forced labour tawh van kipuasak) ngei lo a tam zawte in one-party system leh dictatoship tawh ki-ukcipna thuak zo lo ci-in refugee siauh hong kidem ngeingai uh a, gam nih gam thumna ah Zomi leh Zogam a it pha diak tampi kihelin kha po masasa lengkhiat hong kidem henhan leuleu uh hi. Ahih hangin gam nih gam thumna a va tun kik khit uh ciangin ui bangin a luak uh ne kik tam mahmah uh a, one-party system leh dictatoship tawh Zogam ki-ukcip ding pen Zomite kipumkhatna ding hi, cih thu deihkaih propanda leh huih thau lot tawh nautang leh naupang melmawl teng brainwashed ding hahkat mahmah leuleu uh hi. 

Junta coup d'ètat regime dictatorship leh one-party system deih lo kici ciat napi-un township, district a nget beh nangawn uh ngah zo lo napi-in Zogam state or independent state nget ding huih thau lot hong hahkat mahmah leuleu uh a, 914 Zomi nangawn 2015 pekin ZCD ex-MP Gin Kam Lian in ethnic group in official recognition ngah dingin a kamciam uiphuk khat vei kutawnna tan nangawn maingawt beh lo, junta regime dictatorship lah lehdo ngam lo napi-in one-party system leh Zogam galkap khat bek neih ding mah 914 Zomi lobbyists ZUISA, ZCD, ZRA-E in kam kem beembeem in hong tangko lala kik leuleu zel uh hi. 

Zogam in independent ngah vat ding hi le'ng zong one-party system leh one army bek om ding, police department,  fire service department, air force etc cihte a om leh anti-Zomi kipawlna mah a suak ding hih tuak hi. Junta dictatorship regime ukcipna nuai leh junta educational institutions nuai-ah junta military curriculum or syllabus bawl tawh education background a nei leh nei lo mikim bel junta dictatorship gu khamin luvau daudau lai uh ahih manun one-party system leh one army system mah a lunggulh ngaungau den lai leh ui bangin a luak a ne kik tam mahmah lai bilbel uh hi. 

2011-2016 kikal Than Sein in Myanmar' presidency hunin democratic reforms a bawlsa teng Min Aung Hlaing in February 1 coup d'ètat tawh a gawh lup mah bangin Zomism mittaw sialkhau let in Zomi kici biakna, politics leh ethnic or tribe bangin a ngaihsunsun lai tengin Ne Win, Saw Maung, Than Swe leh Min Aung Hlaing' suksiatna sangin Myanmar ah democracy a nasia zaw in Zomi min zangin suksiat ding hahkat mahmah napi-un Zomite kipumkhatna ding peuh gen ngam zaw lai zen uh hi. A zumna gui uh a kitat taktak khinsa tam bilbel uh hi. 

Kipawlna thak Zomi min zangin phuankhiatna anti-Zomi ahih takpi mawk den keei ding leh a kipatna bulpi leh piancilna (genesis) pen 1953 kumin Falam, Khalkha leh Zomite in Zomi Baptist Convention kiphuankhia napi-in thuneihna, makai za leh sum etlah manin 1995 kumin Zomi Baptist Convention of Myanmar (ZBCM) a phuankhiate (a makaipi pawl khatte ZUISA makai masa pawl khat leh tu dong mah ZUISA leh ZCD patron mah leh ZRA-E lobbyist group mah) leh ZBCM members teng leh ZBC kimlai 2013 in Chin Baptist Convention (CBC) a suahkikna dingin 5–9 April 1995 kikal Khuasak khua-ah ZBC Triennial Conference khawmpi panin paikhia-in pawl thak 1995 in a phuankhia Associations lite -  Tonzang Township Baptist Association (TTBA), Tedim Baptist Association (TBA), Kale Zomi Baptist Association (KZBA), leh Tamu Valley Baptist Association (TVBA) or Zomi Baptist Convention of Myanmar (ZBCM) ah a lengkhia masa makaite leh a members teng zong Zomi kipumkhatna a susia leh Zomi kipumkhatna a langpang Zonamkhandal makaipi teng hi ve uh maw? 

Khuasak ah 5–9 April 1995 kikal ZBC Triennial Conference meeting panin paikhia-in ZBCM a phuankhia Associations lite lakah thum - Tonzang Township Baptist Association (TTBA), Kale Zomi Baptist Association (KZBA), leh Tamu Valley Baptist Association (TVBA)-te Southern Baptist Convention ah kipia-in ZBC panin Jonah bangin lehtai uh a, ahih hangin Tedim Baptist Association (TBA) bel ZBC mah ah om suakin Zomi ahihna panin Zomi pawl thak phuankhia in a lengkhiate lakah kihel suak lo hi. 

Zomism haipihna leh Zomi kici gilpi ading zon'na tawh ZBC panin taikhia in Zomi min tawh kipawlna a phuankhia masa pen leh ZBC kimlai Chin Baptist Convention suaksak kikin a zahdah leh a galbawl den uh CHIN a ultungsak kik kua dang hi loin Zomism a haipihna uh a kam beembeem tawh a otpih laulau teng mah hi zawsop uh hi. Biakna vai-ah pawl kikhenna pen politics ah ideologies kibatlohna hangin kikhenna sangin kihtakhuai zaw leh lauhuai pen a, saupi kangin khang tampi a susia zo pen hi zaw hi. 

"Suangtum leh sehnel gik mahmah a, ahi zongin mihaite’ pian'sak lungkhamna gikzaw lai hi. (🔖 Paunak 27:3)

A stone is heavy, and the sand weighty; but a fool's wrath is heavier than them both. (🔖 Proverbs 27:3 KJV)  

Zomi pen mimal aituam neihsa leh democratic gamah anti-democratic system leh dictatoship system leh one-party system laptohna dinga zat ding hilo hi. Zomi kici Zo suante NOMENCLATURE minpi hi. ZRO/A in a ngimna leh geelna uh-ah, "Ka kipawlna uh electoral politics leh minam kideidanna kawcik panin suakta ah na hong kihelna dingun Zomi khempeuh ka hong cial uh hi," cih kician takin gen uh ahih manun electoral politics leh minam vai kawcik takin kideidanna ding ultungsak leh one-party system leh dictatoship lamah hong makaih leh a tupna uh leh a ngimna uh panin lampial khin ta uh ahih manun Zomite a hong sap leh cialna uh tawh a kalsuanzia uh kilehngat khin hi kha zawsop ding hi.

Jesuh Kris sisan leh singlamteh phungah kipumkhat thei lo, kipumkhat ding sawm lopi-in nationalism leh communinalism kawcik bulphuhin political party, organisation leh ploitical movement tawh kipumkhatna ding kam beembeem in gengen leh mutmut zawh man lel tawh kipumkhatna leh kituahna piang zo ngei lo ding hi. Sakhi' tuinekna mun-a i hihkhialhna panin diksak leh kipumkhat masak phot kisam hi.

One-party sytem leh dictatorship sytle pen eima hamphatna tawh a kituah (convinient) ciangin bekin deih napi-in tua loin eima hamphatna tawh a kituah loh ding ciang bekin democracy leh multi-party system deihin mihing buang thankik bangin i gial laih leplap kawikawi leng kuamah tawh kituahna, kilemna leh kipumkhatna piang thei ngei lo ding hi.

@Thang Khan Lian #ZUNs 

I NGAIHSUTNA I TANGZAISAK LEH I THAWL ZAWHNA MUN ZONG ZAI

 

I NGAIHSUTNA I TANGZAISAK LEH I THAWLZAWHNA MUN ZONG ZAI

1896 Chin Hills Regulation ah Chin-types tribes kicite pen Burma sung leh a pualam-a teng mite hi, na ci a, "Chins" kicite pen Chin Hills ah tengte, Lushais, Kukis leh Nagas hi, na ci hi. Chin cih British leh etnographers ten a genna un zai na huam kha mahmah hi, cih kimu thei hi. Kuki or Chin pen Census of India 1931 records ah Chin pau a pau or tribes 44 pha hi, ci-in na ciamteh hi.

Chin-Kuki ci-in i ethnic min uh hong kiciamtehna kei leh nang zahdah leh deih leh deih loh tawh kisai loin minam dangte hong ciamtehna leh tu dong Myanmar government in 135 distinct ethnic groups om hi ci-in official in a ciamtehna sungah sub-ethnic "officially recognized ethnic groups' sunga CHIN ethnic kici sungah "53 different ethnic groups' om hi, ci-in a hong ciamtehna ahih manin phiatmang ziau theih hilo hi.

'The Chin Hills" Vol.1 leh 2 a gelh khawm B. S. Carey leh H. N. Tuck' in Chin cih min administrative record ah modern system in a status na zang masa pen uh hi. Tibeto-Burmese pau a zangte Kuki or Chin ci-in na ciamteh uh a, India ah Kuki, Buirma ah Chin na ci uh hi.

Kanpalet area ah a tengte Cho group-te "Chinbok" (rotten or muat a cihna) kici a; Paletwa area ah tengte Khami or Khumi kici a; Northern Chin laizang ah a tengte Lai kici a; Kanpalet area ah tengte Cho kici a; phaizang (plains) ah a tengte Asho or Sho kici uh hi. Tedims (Tiddims) ten Zomi kici, Lushais ten Mizo kici uh a, "mi" cih "people" a cihna hi. Mirams (Lakher)-te Zao kici uh a; Matupi leilu lam-a tengte Zotung kici uh a; Naga Hills ah Kuki-Chin groupte Aochungli a kicih hangin amau Ozo (ei or we a cihna) kici uh hi. Central Chin tribes mite amau Lai (ei or we) kici uh a, Khual (Outsiders or Strangers) kicih ding a deih loh manun Lai kici uh hi.

Hakha mite leh amau beh leh bawngte ni dangin original in Zo a kicite tu-in Lai kici uh hi. Falam area ah a teng Zahau kicite pen a beh min uh amau pupi Za Hau panin a lak uh ahi hi. Falam town kiangah Laizo kici khua min leh Hakha nisuahna panin tai 20 gamla ah Hakha town khat Zokhua kici na om ngei hi.

Gierson in, "Chin cih min pen Zo or Yo or Sho a kicite tribe min hi," na ci hi. Capt Herbert Lewin, B.S.C., Deputy Commissioner, Chittagong Hills in, "INTRODUCTION to Progressive Colloquail Exercises in the Lushai Dialect of the 'Dzo' or Kuki language, with Vocabulary and Popular Tales 9annoted), Calcutta, 1874," ah, "Kuki cih kammal pen 'Tui-kuk' a kici Tipra tribe tawh a kinaih hill tribes sungah pau tuamtuam a zangte hi. 'Dzo' tibes pen lower Bengal ah Chittagong nisuahna lam-a mual tunga tengte hi," na ci hi.

American anthropologist F.K. Lehman in, "Hih mite in amau ngeina ah Chin na kici ngei lo uh a, amau leh amau kilawhna nam tuam tek tawh amau kam leh a kizopkhakpihte or kikawmtuahpih mite (congeners of contact) min lawhna bangin na kilo uh hi," ci hi. Zomi cih a kipatna a kitheih loh hangin Yo, Dzo, Shou or Zo, Yaw, Saw, Kyaw or Chaw cih kammal Old kuki-Chin panin a kila sawn na hih tuak hi.

Southern Chin mite Sho or Cho na kici uh a, Valley ah a kiten' ma-in Chindwin ah a tengte Yaw, Saw, Kyaw or Chaw na kici uh hi. Sho or Zo cih kammal pen Khyan or Chin a kicite a khuanungin Zo kicite hi. Chin Hills a phuankhia leh satte a kumpipa min uh "shou or sho or zo or cho'' hi cih ka hang tangthu uh-a chronolical context ah om hi.

Southern Hills ah a om tu-in Kanpalet leh Mindat areas ah a teng masate CHO na kici uh hi. Chin Hills ah Zo settlement (teen' hun) a kitheih loh hangin Northern Zo kicite in milip a tam luatna (population explosion) hangin hong kipan (orgin) uh hi cih a kipatna bulpi gen uh a, Zo people old tribes mite mualtung om zia a kilaih manin Yaw area panin na a peem khiat loh uh kiphawhmawh ahih manin peem khia uh hi. Pagan influences panin Chin Hill ah Zo suante teen' hun 12th Century lak hi dingin ki-ummawh hi. Zo mual tungte (mountains) siansuahin a teng masate pen Chindwin Shou or Mino mite hi.

"Yo" cih ethnic min non-Chin source in a gen 1783 in Burma ah RC missionary in hong pai Father Sangermano in, "A description of the BURMESE EMPIRE' ah "JO" cih kammal a zatna ah, "Chien mual tungte 20°.30' leh 20°.30' north latitude kikal ah JO a kici minam om uh hi. Amaute pen Chien hih tuak uh a, a khuanungin Burmese hong suakin, kam hoih lo kam sia (very corrupted) pau zat hangin Burmese pau leh ngeina hong nei uh hi," na ci hi.

Northern Hills ah a kiteen' hun 16th Century hi pan hi. Feb. 9, 2019 in National Geographic in "Who are the Rohingya people?" cih article a gelhna ah 1824 in British ten Burma va simin a lak ma hun lai pek leh 1784 in Burmese Empire in a lak ma-in Arakan independent coastal kingdom sungah 1430s hun lai-in Muslim tam lo Rohingya a kicite na teng khin zo uh hi, ci hi. Rohingya mite illegal in hong lut a om hangin a teng masate pen Northern Chin Hill ah i teen' ma pekin Arakan state ah na teng khin zo uh hi.

E. H. Gierson in Zo kicite pen Thados, Suktes, Sihzangs, Raltes leh Paihtes hi, na ci hi. Tedim area ah beh (clans) 237 omte lakah Vaiphei zong kihel a, Tedim kamin tuul-khat a phate sik leh tang (represent) in siampu om hi, ci-in Zo People and Their Culture laimai 13 ah na kigelh hi. Hih la-ah Paihte (Paite) kici pen tu hunin Paite tribe a genna hilo hi. Geirson in "Pai leh Poi" cih na telcian lo leh khentel thei lo hih tuak hi. Gierson in mual tunga teng mite (hill tibes) Lusheite a genna ah, a tal tungah a sam uh a hente "poi or pai" hi na ci hi. Tedim mite in Falamte "Poi" ci uh a, Falam ten Tedim mite "pai or Paite" ci uh hi. Pai leh Poi cih kammal a kibatlohna pen a tal tungah a sam a hente "Poi" kici a, a ngawng uh-ah a sam phek uh a kai suksakin a kibaatsakte "Pai" kici hi.

Hih kammal nihte 'poi leh pai' a telkhialte tribes a kikhenna a gen uh ciangin Paite kicite pen Sihzang, Sukte, Thahdo, Yo (Zo), Hualngo minam Tedim sunga teng mite na ci uh a, Chittagong Hill Tracts ah a tengte lah "Pankhus" na ci leuleu uh hi. Minam min genna (ethnic sense) ah "Pai leh Poi' pen simmawhna (degrading sense) in a kizang hi ahih manin minam min ciamtehna dingin ethnic sense ah kizang lo hi. 1931 in Census of India ah "Paite" tribal min na kiphiat hi. (ref. Zo People and Thire Culture, Sing Khaw Khai laimai 14). TEDIM ZO minamte tu-in sub-tribes sawm - Dim, Khuano, Hualngo, Sihzang, Saizang, Tedim, Thahdo, Teizang, Vangteh leh Yo (Zo) in kikhen hi.

Chin Special Division Act, 1948 in British ten Zo (Chin) cih a kammal khiatna (definition) na kipsak uh a, tua ma Chin Hill Regulations, 1896 in Chin (Zo) lakah Lusheis, Kukis leh Nagas nangawn na kihelsak uh hi. Ahih hangin 1957 kum in Chin (Zo) cih khiatna pen Chin Special Division, Burma ah a tengte hi na ci hi.

G.A. Gierson in Kuki-Chin paute a khenna ah Meitei leh Chin (Zo) pau zangte in na khen a, Meiteite nangawn Chin group in na sim hi. Zo paute (languauges) sub-groups in Nothern, Central, Old Kuki, Southern groups in kikhen hi. Northern Group ah Thado, Sukte, Siyin (Sihzang), Ralte, Paite; Central Group ah Tashon, Lai, Lakher (Miram), Lushai (Mizo), Bangjogi leh Pankhu; Old Kuki Group ah Rangkhol, Bete, Hallam, Langrong, Aimol, anal, Chiru, Hiroi-Lamgang, Koiren, Kom, Purum, Hmar leh Cha; Southern Group ah Chinme, Welaung, Chinbok, Yindu, Chinbon, Khyang or Sho leh Khami or Khumi kihel hi.

1931 in Kuki-Chin group sungah pau nam tuamtuam 44 omte: 1 Kathe (Meithei or Meitei) 2. Kyaw 3. Thado 4 Siyin (Sihzang) 5. Sokte (Sukte) 6. Kamhow (Kam Hau) 7 Yo (or Zo) 8. Tahson (Tai-sun) 9 Yahow (Zahau) 10. Laizo 11. Kwangli (Khuangli) 12. Ngorn (Ngawn) 13. Lusei 14. Whelngo (Hualngo) 15. Lyente (Lente) 16. Zanhnyet (Zaniat) 17. lai 18. Lakher (Miram or Mara) 19. Lawhtu (Lauk-tu) 20. Kwelsing (Khualsim) 21. Zotung 22. Sentang (senthang) 23. Tamang 24. Miram 25. Zolamnai 26. Torr (Thawr) 26. Ta-00 27. Welaung 30. Chinbok 31. Yinbu (Zindu-Dai) 32. Chinme 33. Chinbon 34. Taungtha 35. Sho 36. Kami 37. Anu 38. Kaungtso 39. Kaukadan 40. Ledu 41. Matu 42. Sittu 43. Chaunggyi Chin 44. Saingbaung cih teng na om hi. Hih sunga pau kiciamteh kha nai lote pen zo suante i teen' khawmna hangin pau thak a hong piangkhiate hi pan hi.

Zo suante (Kuki-Chin group) minamte pen lai kician a nei hak leh kikawmtuahna a haksat manin bang minam ihi hiam cih nangawn a kitelcian lote kihih tuak hi. Hih thu hangin Zo related tribes minamte gen khawmna dingin Gierson in CHIN hi uh hong na ci a, Lehman leuleu in zong Chin cih a lim zat mahmah hangin, "Modern Nothern Chin ah a tam zawte pen a ngeina uh leh a pau uh a kibatna a naih mahmah a neite hi uh a, a hoih lamin gen khawmna ah (standard comparison) a vekpi un Chin a kicih hangin hilo uh hi," ci-in "Chin Society" laimai 20 ah na gen hi.

**Thukhupna: **Tibeto-Burmese pau a zang Zo suante pen name (tribes) tampi tak kipha hi. 1931 in Kuki-Chin group sungah pau nam tuamtuam 44 om hi ci-in a kiciamtehna banah pau leh ham thak hong pian'khiatna tawh kituakin tribes tampi kibehlap hi. Tua ahih manin India ah Kuki, Myanmar ah Chin ci-in official in a hong kiciamtehna leh min lawhnate pum zakdah theih leh phiatmang ziau theih ding hilo hi.

Tua loin Zo suante nomemclature minpi Zomi in tribes tampi tak huam ahih manin tribes khat bek kineisaktuamin politics leh biakna vai-ah ultungsak pha diakin i kineihsak leh kipumkhatna sangin kikhenna, kitelsiamna sangin kikhenna thuk zaw leh zai zaw semsem ding hi. Zomi kici tribe khat or organisation khat bek aituam neihsa hilo hi. Zomi kici tribe or ethnic group khat bekin aituam hamphatna ding bekin zat dingin lian lua ahih manin tua bangin aituamin zatna pen minthan'sakna leh laptohna sangin mindaisakna leh neuseek behbehna hi zaw hi.

Zomi min tawh kipumkhatna lunggulh takpi ihih leh zomi min tawh kikhenna ding, kitelsiam lohna ngalkhaat bangin tangtatna leh tol len' tuam ding hanciam sangin Zo suan khempeuh kipumkhatna ding leh lawng khatin i gin' khawm leh luan' khawm theihna dingin hanciam ding hi zaw hi. I ngaihsutna i tangzaisak leh i thawlna zong zai semsem hi. Ei leh ei bek i kihuai tuktuk sese sangin mi dangte huai zawhna pen kilemna a pian'sak banah pawl tampi neihna ahih manin democratic gam khempeuh ah supna sangin meetna hi zaw hi. Ei bek i kihuaituam tuttut lai teng i gam neu semsem zaw hi.

References:

1. Zo people and Their Culture, Sing Khaw Khai laimai 1-14 

2. Who are the Rohingya people? @ National Geographic

By: Thang Khan Lian #ZUNs reports