SOVIET UNION PANIN POST-SOVIET (RUSSIA) MODERN HISTORY: LENIN PANIN PUTIN KIKAL EK PAKNA
Nov. 9, 2017: A beisa kum zalom khat lai-in Soviet kumpi angsung ding bek khual Tsar ukna panin gammite henkol sutkhiatna dingin October Revolution a pat uh tawh Vladimir Lenin' Marxist Bolsheviks ten Russia' imperial city Moscow khuapi na la uh hi. Galpi Khatna 1914 kipat khit kum thum sungin Russia galkap leh nautang million galpi kidona ah Germany galkapte khutlum ah na si uh ahih manin Russia ah tangpi tangta haksatna lianpi (social and crisis) a piangsak banah sum bawlna lamsang economy) tuk zo hi.
*1917: October 25 (Orthodox Julian calendar pen tua hunin Soviet ten na kizang hi. Gregorian calendar ah bel Nov. 7 hi) in communist revolutionary, politician leh political theorist Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov' (Lenin a kici zaw; 22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924)) makaihna tawh Bolsheviks ten Provisional Government na lawmthal (overthrow) uh hi. Bolshevik i cih a khiatna pen "a tamzawte (mipite)" a cihna hi a, Menshevik faction panin lengkhia in Marxist Russian Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) faction hi a, 1903 in Second Party Congress ah Menshevik panin lengkhia in Rssian Revolution (October Revolution zong a kici) 1917 in a makaite hi. Bolshevik ten Provisional Government a lotthal zawh manun ama ut banga gam uk leh tangpi tangta haksakna leh economy siasak Russia Kumpi Tsar Nicholas in a kumpi tokhom nusiatsan hi.
*1922: Bolsheviks ten tualgal ah "White" Russians kicite na zo uh hi. Hih tualgal pen kilaihgawpna (revolution) ding deihna hanga kipan hi a, hih tualgal ah mi 10 million na sih lawh uh hi. Bolsheviks ten gualzawhna hong ngah manun Soviet Union hong kipulakkhia a, Soviet Union hong piang hi.
*1924 in Lenin' sih khitin Joseph Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) in thuneihna hong len hi. Stalin in 3 April 1922 panin 16 October 1952 dong General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union len hi.
*1928 a kipanin Stalin in five-year plan hong patkhiat manin Soviet Union gam pen lokho a kivakna panin khawl/set sang (modern industrialised) gam hong suak ahih manin suangmeihol (coal), namgimtui (oil) leh steel nasia takin kipiangkhiasak ahih manin Soviet Union economy nakpi takin hong khang hanhan hi.
Ahih hangin Statin in amah leh Communist Party of the Soviet Union' thusanzia langpangte satkhiatna (purges) hong pan a, Gular labor camps, Siberia ah amah leh communist langpangte 3 million sawl in khumcip hi. Gulag labor camps ah mi 750,000 kithat hi.
*1949 in Soviet Union in atom bomb masa pen puaksak (test) hi.
*1953: Stalin sih khit ciangin Nikita Khruschev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) in Communist Party of the Soviet Union hong makaih a, 14 September 1953 panin 14 October 1964 dong General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union len hi.
1957: 4 October 1957 in leitung adingin satellite bawltawm (artificial satellite) masa pen Soviet Union in 58 cm (23 in) diameter sik beem/kual (metal sphere) Sputnik 1 lawnkhia (launched) hi. Sputnik 1 kilotkhiat manin space lamsang leh Cold War ah space lamsang leh galvan kitaitehna US leh Soviet kikal ah nakpi takin khangsak hi. Soviet in Sputnik 1 lawhcing takin a lotkhiat theih manin ballistic missile tawh kithuah nuclear galvan tawh US kapkha thei ahih manin USte sangin galvan hoihzaw leh leitung adingin galvan kihtakhuaipen haupen suak hi.
*1962: US in Cuba gam-a Communist makai Fidel Castro thahna ding leh Fidel Castro ukna laihna (regime change) ding hanciam in CIAte hong kigolh uh a, Fidel lehdo ding galkap tam lote (guerrillas) training leh galvan pia den hi. Hih thu hangin Cuba humbitna dingin Soviet gam makai Khuschev in a sim in US tuipi pang (coast) panin 150km a gamla Cuba gam ah nuclear galvan hong koih hi. Cuba ah nuclear galvan kikoihna hangin USte patau mahmah uh a, history ah Cuban Missile Crisis ci-a kiciam October kha ni 14 sung leitung in nuclear war tuak dingin kawlmong (brink) ah na dingcip hi.
Cuban Missile Crisis (October Crisis zong a kici) hong pianna pen Cuba ah US kigolh man bek hilo in, US in CIAte galvan leh training piak guerrillas-te tawh kipawl in Cuba gam a suam man( Bay of Pigs Invasion kici) leh Soviet gam ngimna dingin US in Turkey leh Italy ah Jupiter ballistic missile a koih manin Khrushchev in a thuk kikna dingin Cuba ah nuclear ballistic missile ni 13 sung (October 16–28, 1962) koih hi. Cuban Missile Crisis hun sungin Soviet ten USte galte etsimna vanleng U-2 spy aircraft, vanleng khat kapkhiatsak hi.
October 27 in Soviet Union Kennedy' cabinet kihona bangin US President Kennedy in Khrushchev in Cuba panin nuclear ballistic missile a lakkhiatna dingin a sim in Turkey leh Soviet gamgi lui Italy leitaw lam panin ballistic missile lakkhiat ding thukimna nei hi. Hih pen a guk a thukimna (secret agreement) hilo hi ci a om hangin Khrushchev in a ciamtehna lai (memoirs) ah Kennedy cabinet a sem McNamara in Italy leh Turkey a US missile suksiat (dismantled) ding thu a piak manin thukimna piang thei pan hi ci hi. 9:00 am EST October 28 in a Khrushchev in a thugenna Radio Moscow ah kikhahkhia a, "Soviet government in no hong langpangin na tuat uh Cuba a nuclear missile a kilakkhiat banah galvan bawlna munte a kibawl beh nawn lo ding hi," ci hi. 10:00 am October 28 in Kennedy in Khrushchev in buaina vensak ding lunggulh takpi mah hi cih a muh ciangin Turkey leh Italy ah US Jupiters teng Soviet in Cuba panin a missile a lakkhiat leh kilakhia ding hi ci hi. Khrushchev in a geelna mipi leitung bup zak dingin public statement a bawl hangin Kennedy senior advisors ten US missiles-te lakkhiat ding nang keka teitei uh a, ahih hangin Kennedy in Soviet sawmna thukimpih hi.
Kennedy in March 1968 in Jupiters missile Turkey leh Italy ah 100 val a koih manin Khrushchev thangpaihna hong piang a, Cuban Missile Crisis hong piang hi zaw hi ci zong om hi. US Vice President Lyndon Johnson in missile lakkhiat tuah ding (missile swap) thukimna a pom hangin Soviet geelna US cabinet tampi in thukim lo hi. A tawpna ah Kennedy in, "Khua-ul leh sisan luangin Cuba i sim hangin kilawhcing lo hi. Turkey leh Italy panin missile lakkhiatna ding Soviet in Cuba gam-a a missile lakkhiatna ding a sawm thukimpih leng nuclear gal om ding veng ding hi," ci hi. Tua khit nungin Kennedy leh Khushchev in thukimna nei uh a, Turkey leh Italy panin US in a nuclear missiles koih teng lakkhiat ding, Cuba in a langtangin US a phin (direct provocation) ahih kei buang leh US in Cuba a sim loh ding, Soviet in Cuba ah nuclear missile a lakkhiat ding, leh gam nih ten kihona dingin nuclear hotline (tu dong a zat uh) neih ding cih thukimna bawl uh a, Nov. 20 in US in Cuba tungah naval blockade a koih lakhia hi.
*1961: Russia in leitung bup adingin space pualam (outer space) ah a masa pen dingin Vostok programme tawh a hanciam Vostok 1 tungtawnin Vostok 3KA space capsule kici Baikonur Cosmodrome panin April 12, 1961 in lawnkhia uh a, a sungah Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin tung a, outer space ah leitung mihing kah masa pen hong suak hi. Vostok orbital spaceflight in leitung khat vei kimkot (single orbit) a, bawhna (landing) ding ciang 169 kilometers (91 nautical miles) leng a, Vostok 3KA capsule panin a sangna lam 7 km (23,00 ft) panin space ah parachute tawh Gagarin tuakkhia hi.
*1970s: Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev in in vaihawmna hong let manin Soviet economy kiam cih takin hong kiamsuk a, world'd average ah economic khang loin omcip (stagnant) kim khat tungsuk hi.
*1982-85 kikal Brezhev zalaih in tawlkhat tuak Yuri Andropov (kha 15) leh Konstantin (kha 13) sung Soviet gam uk in hong len uh hi.
*1980s: Nitumna gam ten Soviet gam makai thak Mikhial Gorbachev pen phuahphatna bawlpa (reformer) leh Cold War beisak pa hi ci-in thupi sim mahmah uh hi. Ahih hangin Russia gammi ten Gorbachev pen Nitumna gamte tungah Soviet gam piakhia leh kum sawm tampi sung sum leh paai bawlna lamsang ah hahsatna (economic crisis) piangsakpa leh Soviet gam satkhampa hi ci-in ngaihsun uh hi.
*1989 in East Germany leh West Germany kidalna kulhbaang Berlin Wall kici kisattuk ahih manin Eastern Europe ah Communism thakhat thu-in a zawngkhal in a tukna (collapse) suak hi.
*1991 in Nitumna gam ten ut bangbangin a pei zawh leh vanzat in kingaihsun leh Soviet economy haksatna piangsak Soviet gam makai Gorbachev laihna dingin thatang tawh laihna ding sawmna (attempted coup) lawhsam hi. Ahih hangin Soviet Union gam hong kiphelkhap a, gam tuamtuam in hong kikhen ahih manin Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) hong piang a, Russia gam bek a tuamin hong dingkhia hi.
*1991-99 kikal post-Soviet Russia gam Boris Yelsin in makai zaa President hong len hi. Boris Yelsin in a uk hun sungin mi tawm khat bek tawh ki-ukna/vaihawmna (oligarchy) hangin Russia hauhsakna lom teng makai tawmcik in huaimang uh ahih manin zawnna (poverty) leh tangpi tangta neih leh lam nakpi takin kilamdan'na leh kibat lohna (social inequality) hong piang hi.
*2000 in Russia President dingin Vladimir Putin hong cing a, Russia economy tuksa leh Soviet galkap thahatna baisa a om hong puahpha kik, thasang hong kipatpih kik hi. 2000 -14 kikal in Russia gam tuamtuam in hong kikhen beh sawnsawn lai ahih manin suahtakna ding deih a kiphinna nei thau tawite dona dingin Russia in Chechnya leh Georgia ah galdo hong kipan hi. Russia in Soviet gam panin lengkhia Ukraine gam panin Crimea hong la kik hi. Crimea in Russia a belhna pen mi tamzaw deihna tawh vote khiatna (referendum) tawh kituakin Crimea in Russia a belh hi napi gam tuamtuam ah minam tawmte referendum neih ding thapia sim den Nitumna gam (US leh EU kihel in) ten Russia in Ukraine sim in Crimea laksak hi ci-in ngawh pong uh a, economic sanctions (khalna) bawl khum uh a, tu dong khalna bawl khum lai hi. 2016 US presidential election ah Putin in cyber war zangin mi up theih ding thu tangkokhiatna (propaganda) bawl a, Trump a gupna hangin Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in kiteelna ah Republican candidate Trump lel hi ci-in US intelligence ten Putin ngawh uh hi. Putin leh Russia in hih ngawhna nial a, Trump in mi up theih dinga thukiphuaktawm leh tangthu bawltawm (hoax and cover-up story) hi a cih hangin tu dong US intelligence ten Russian probe ahih kei leh Russian investigation ahih kei leh Russian Story kici thukanna nei lailai uh a, sum million tampi beisak ta uh hi. Tu kumin Senate intelligence committee in thukanna dingin $ 1.2 million ngah beh a, US ambassador leh US mi thum Benghazi, Libya ah 2012 in a kithahna thukanna dingin 2012-16 kikal $ 7 million beisak hi ci-in USA Today in Sept. 18, 2017 in suaksak hi. Putin langpang leh gensia a tam mahmah hangin mi tampi in Putin pen USte ngongtatna, phengtatna leh gamkeekna panin leitung hunkhiapa leh vompi liamsa tho kiksak pa hi ci-in ngaihsun uh hi.
Sources: Wikipedia; The Hindu; History.com
Photo: Lenin, Stalin, Sputnik 1, Putin
A kaikhawm: Thang Khan Lian #ZUNs














