POLITICS PAI ZIA LEH ZOMITE' POLITICS SAAN ZIA ETNA

POLITICS PAI ZIA LEH ZOMITE' POLITICS SAAN ZIA ETNA

Ei Zomite a tam zawte in i politics muhna pen minam leh biakna min paulap a zang party khat pum gup, pum haipih kitam lai mahmah hi. A kam dimpi tawh gam it a kici makai khatpeuh nung sialpi nungzuih a zui ngaungau ngap lai kitam a, ciknawng lak, buan lak, kiak leh ling lak leh keen ah hong paipih leh zong phamawhsa se loin a pum phat ngaungau leh a pum gup (blind supporters) kitam lai mahmah bilbel hi.

Kiak leh ling lak, buannawi leh keen lak nawknawk pong in paipai in, i zuihzuih pong hangin kiakmoi lono leh luitui a luang sialsialn mun kimu kha ngei lo ding hi ci-in gen ngam khat om leh "Nang bang teng semkhia ta na hia...kipilsak..makaite dem in langpang teh...minam langpang hi teh" cih loh thuman tawh i nialna ding kithei nai mahmah loin political debates zang thei loin mimal kona leh suamna (personal attacks) lo buang kinialna ding thei lo uh hi.

Politics i cih pen gam khat ahih kei leh area khat sunga ki-ukna leh kivaihawmna hoihna (governance) dinga nasep silbawlte (activities associated with the governance of a country or area), a diakin thuneihna (power) len parties sunga kinialna (debates); government, local government, affairs of state, public affairs, diplomacy, party politics genna lam leh kipawlna sunga kua hiam khat dinmun noptuamsakna; laptohna ding ahih kei leh kipawlna (organization) sunga power khan'sakna dinga nasep silbawlte (activities aimed at improving someone's status or increasing power within an organization) genna hi zaw hi.

Politics leh biakna (church or religion) leh minam vai limlim hong kimek khawm ciangin political mission lampi man ah pai lo pah a, a milip tamzaw (majority) ten thuneihna hong ngah ciangin a milip tawm zaw (minority) mite tungah amau ngaihsutna, biakna leh minam ngeinate aana tawh zuihsak dingin kalh (forcibly imposed) pah uh ahih majoritarian tawh ki-ukna hong piang a, tua khit ciangin kumpi gilo leh upadi zuih teitei ding leh a tam zawte deihna mikim in a zuih teitei dinga ki-ukna totalitarianism, authoritarianism, despotism, tyrannical form of government kicite in hong nungzuih pah a, a sawt teh minam khat leh khat kikal a kitualvatna (communal riots) leh thakhat thu a kilaihna tawh ki-ukna pian theihna ding deihna tawh a lipkhathuai sisan naisan luanna (bloody revolution) hong piangkhia pen a khaici pokhia ahi hi.

Khantohna piangkhinsa khempeuh communal riots leh revolution pian sungin kisusia mang khin ahih manin a bul pan in kipat thak loh phamawh hi. Biakna leh minam min pen gam khangto khinsa gam ten a political organisation mobilisation zatna dingun cidamhuai nawn lo a, sucularism leh constitutional form of government tawh kikalh hi cih tel sinsin ta uh ahih manin a zat nuam mel nawn lohna uh sawt mahmah ta hi.

Biakna leh minam min tawh political mobilisation kibawlna munte ah milip tampen (majority) nei minamte adingin baihlam mahmah in, hat baih mahmah tei sam napi leitung gam tuamtuam a kizeel thang mang khin gawp ei Zomite adingin Zosuante kipumkhatna ding a piangsak (dek) zo tei sam hangin political society ah bel milip pha zah number kisim a (number counts), milip i phak zah tawh kituakin (vote khat vive nei ihih manin) thuneihna i keek zawh ding sangin namdang, pau dang leh biakna leh ngeina dang zuite lakah ei minam neute (majority) kiseek neu behbehna dingin khetbuk hong suak baih mahmah zawsop kha thei hi.

Leitung pen globally village hita ahih manin biakna, ngeina leh minam tuamtuam teen' khawmna multiculturalism societies hita ahih manin minam dangte, pawl dangte leh biakna leh ngeina dangte a huai zote leh a huai siamte mah i political movement lawng gin' ngaih semsem zaw ta hi. Multiculturalism society ah pawl dangte i huai ciangin long-term leh long-run ading saupi geelna i neih masak a, visions saupi i neih masak kei leh pawl a huai siamte khenkham dingin a huaite uh hong suah khak baihlam mahmah ahih manin a kidophuai mahmah thu ahi hi.

Ei pawl bel a tam zawte politics muhna pen mitdel sialkhau let kitam lai mahmah a, pum gum, pum muan, pum haipih bullet in ei phattuam ding bang teng om a, bang teng kingah ding maw cih nangawn a tel zo nai lo leh midang ten zui in gum uh hi ven en zong gum in zui suk gawp ding ni ci-in "Bawh thut policy, lawp vat policy'' a cihte uh zang kitam lai mahmah bilbel hi. US politics leh Zomi politics sung en leng conservatives pawl ahih kei leh right-wings politics ideologies len pawl kigum kitam mahmah dep a, tua kibullet mahmah napi-in conservative right-wings ideologies bulphuh mah ISIS, Hindutva ideology len BJP, Kawl gam-a Buddhist right-wing movement 969 kici (2001), 15 January 2014 a kiphuankhia The Patriotic Association of Myanmar (Burmese in Ma Ba Tha a kici), Sri Lanka gam-a Sinhala Buddhist right-wing group - Bodu Bala Sena cihte pawl pum muhdah kitam mahmah leuleu ahih manin i politics saan zia pen ideology kician nei lo ihihna kitel pah lian hi.

Conservative right-wing polical ideology limlim gum a, biakna leh minam bulphuh masa a political movement pankhia in a kalsuanpih limlimte kipawlna pen a sawtpi ciangin namdangte leh gamdangte muhdahna (xenophobic), i Lai Siangtho (scripture) zat ciat uh a deihna zui loin a kammal tawh khia-in khauh takin tei in tua bulphuhna (fundamentalist) hong kalsuanpih pah ngekngek uh a, minam khat minam khat sangin thupi zaw hi cih ngaihsutna (racism leh chauvinism) hong bullet pah uh ahih manin a nationalism uh pen a kawcik minam itna (narrow nationalism) hong suak pah a, minam dangte gal bawlna dingin vanzat hoihpen in hong zang pah uh ahih manin a political movement uh hong gammang peelmawh a, a political mission lampi panin pial uh hi.

Political society ah kipawl khawmna pen i political rights hamphatna ngah dinga kilawmte i ngah theihna dinga kipawl khawmna community organization hi zaw hi. Political ideologies leh makai khat i pum gup, pum muan a, i sialpi nungzuih ma-in a vaak khempeuh kham hilo hi (all that glitters is not a gold) cih i tel masak ding thupi a, bang ideologies, policies leh visions nei a, a ngimna leh a saupi a muhna sepkhiat theih dingin a tangtun thei pael hi takpi mah hiam ahih kei leh a thu leh la bek hoih napi a taktak a kiman theih vet lo ding utopian ideas hi zaw hiam cih lim takin i kankuat masak ding kisa hi.

#Singkung_a_gah_in_kithei:

“A cidam singkung in gah gina lo gah ngei lo a, a gina lo singkung in gah limci gah ngei lo hi. Singkung khempeuh a gah tawh kithei thei hi. Sialtalling kung panin theigah kilo ngei lo a, lingvom kung panin leenggah kilo ngei lo hi. Mihoih pa in a lungsim sunga thuhoih om teng hong suahkhia a, mi gilo pa in a lungsim sunga a gitlohna teng hong suahkhia hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh mite pen amau’ lungsim sunga a om bangbang a hong paukhia uh ahi hi. (Luka 6:43-45)

Gah hoih lo a gah leh gah a suang lo singkung pen kimanna ding nei lo ahih manin eklei tawh phungvuh hat man leh tui buahbuah manin gah hong suang tuam ding hi beek lo hi. "Tu mahmahin sing a bulphuk dingin hei tawh kingim zo hi. Tua ahih manin gah hoih a gah lo sing khempeuh kiphukin meikhuk sungah kikhul ding hi." (Matthai 3:10).

A gah thei lo singkung in samsiatna ngah ding hi.... A zing ciangin Bethany khua pan paikhia uh a, Jesuh a gil a kial hi. A teh a no theikung khat galmuh ahih manin a gahkhak leh ci-in a lo dingin a va pai hi. Thei min hun hi lo ahih manin, a phung a tun ciangin a teh simloh bangmah na om lo hi. Tua ciangin theikung kiangah, “Nang tung panin kuamah in theigah loin ne nawn kei ta hen,” a ci hi. Hih thu, a nungzuite in a za uh hi. A zingsang ciangin tua lampi mah zui-in a paikik ciangun tua theikung a zung dongin a sihna a mu uh hi. Peter in a thu phawk ahih manin, “Sia aw, na theikung samsiat a sita hi,” a ci hi. (Marka 11:12-14, 20-21).

#A_gah_lo_theikung_gentehna:

Tua ciangin Jesuh in amaute kiangah thugentehna khat gen a, “Mi khat in a lolai-ah theikung khat a suansak hi. Theigah a lo dingin a pai ciangin bangmah na gah lo hi. Tua ahih manin amah in a lokho pa kiangah, ‘A beisa kum thum sung theigah lo dingin ka pai zelzel a, ahi zongin gah lo hi. Tua ahih manin phuk in. Bang hangin lo sung mawk nawngkaisak ding ahi hiam?’ ci hi.
(Luka 13:6-7)

Na khempeuh a thei Jesuh' genna um loin a gah lo thei dingpi theikung i phuk nop kei teitei leh lokho mihai pa i bang ding hi. "Tua ciangin Jesuh in amaute kiangah thugentehna khat gen a, “Mi khat in a lolai-ah theikung khat a suansak hi. Theigah a lo dingin a pai ciangin bangmah na gah lo hi. Tua ahih manin amah in a lokho pa kiangah, ‘A beisa kum thum sung theigah lo dingin ka pai zelzel a, ahi zongin gah lo hi. Tua ahih manin phuk in. Bang hangin lo sung mawk nawngkaisak ding ahi hiam?’ ci hi." (Luka 13:6-7)

Eima political ideology deih teelna bangbangin a gah i lawh hun hong tung peelmawh ding hi. I political rights zang siam ciat ni. Biakna kipawlna ah minam min zatna zong pawlpi lutung Khris nambat nihna ah koihna suak pah ahih manin i mission lamkhial baih mahmah a, leitung bup ah Lungdamna Thu kizelhsak ding leh minam khempeuh thu-um suahsakna ding mission thupiak i ngah panin kipial khia baih mahmah hi.

#Bottom_Line: I ngaihsutna a tangzai semsem leh i thawlna mun gol semsem a, pawl kihau semsem in, i gam zai semsem hi. I ngaihsutna a kawcik semsem leh i gam neu semsem hi. Mimal hamphatna tomno khat sung ngahna ding lametna leh sabuai tunga an neng kiate bek lametna tawh, "Kuivum sangpen leh keen sangah na tuahlup peuh leh ken zong hong tuahluppih ning... kei aituam hamphatna ngahna ding lametna ahih peuh leh hong pum gup lel ning ei," cih policy zanga pum muan in, pum gum in sialpi nungzuih in zuih ngaungau hun nawn lo a, politics hi loin pollutics haipih ihih khak ding kidophuai mahmah hi.

✍️Thang Khan Lian

HUNDRED FLOWERS CAMPAIGN

HUNDRED FLOWERS CAMPAIGN

May 1956 in China gam ah Chinese Communist Government in Chinese Chinese laisiam leh khuak pilna neite (intellectuals) mite tungah kiciangtanna, hih ding leh hih loh ding omsakna (restrictions) a koih khumna leh suakta takin ngaihsutna leh gen nopte genkhiat theihna (freedom of speech and expression) dalna a koih khum lai takin Soviet Union ah dictator Joseph Stalin in communist thukhun khauh mahmah tawh a gam ukna deih loin Nikita Khrushchev in Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin uk zia February 1956 in a kheel kikna thalakna dingin zangin Chinese chief of state Mao Zedong in Chinese Communist Party’ policies deih lohna leh hoih a sak loh uh gensia (criticise) ding leh arts leh science latohna dingin mi tuamtuam, noncommunist intellectuals cihna nangawn na cial in Hundred Flowers Campaign hong pankhia hi.

Mao in a Hundred Flowers Campaign bawlna ah thudeih kikopihna, thudeih tangkona (slogans) dingin: "Paak zakhatte paak hen la, sanginn tuamtuam a ngaihsutna zakhatte zong kido, hong kidem in, hong ki-el ngeingai ta hen," (Let a hundred flowers bloom, and a hundred schools of thought contend) cih na zang hi.

Mao' mapatna hangin communist government gensiatna hong pian'khiatna ding theihna dingin makaite leh communist ideology hoih lote gensiat ngam mel om lo ahih manin ol mahmah napi-in party makai dang ten Mao in a slogan zat hong zang zomtoto uh hi. 1957 nipi hun ma (spring) in kilang takin communist government' policies gensiatna hong nasia mahmah ta a, tua khit nipi kal tam lo sungin Chinese Communist Party gensiatna hong nasia mahmah hi.

June kha in Mao in a thugenna ah a slogan puahpha in "Mipite lakah kikalhna, kituah lohnate khut tawh lemtuah in diksakna theihna ding," (On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People) cih publications suaksak a, gensiatna hong sau pai lua ta hi. July kha bul in Chinese regime gensiatna hangin leftist ideology (communism) langpangte leh capitalism deih pawlte Communist Party of China (CPC) in a betdaihna dingin Anti-Rightists’ Campaign hong pankhia a, 1957-59 kikal Chinese Communist regime gensia a tam zaw ten a sepna taan lawh in thonginn ah thagum tawh nasem dingin aana in kizang uh hi. Mi 555,000 in political bawlsiatna (persecution) tuak uh hi.

Hundred Flowers Campaign hangin China ah suahtakna (liberalisation) tawlkhat sung om napi CPC in Anti-Rights Campaign hong pat khit nung leh Chinese communist revolutionary, 1949 in People's Republic of China gam phuankhia pa leh 1949 panin a sih dong Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) in Chairman of the Communist Party of China len suak in, makai za kuamah tungah khiat loin ama theories, military strategies, and political polices a kigawm Maoism tawh gam hong makaih hi.

Mao in ama ideology Chinese Communist Government ideology ah letkip dingin a koih manin People's Republic of China history kipatna ding a patkhiat tei hangin China pen mipite in thuneihna sangpen len in makai teelna tawh ki-ukna (republican form of government) tu dong 100% hamphatna lo den uh a, a min bekin Republic gam bel suaksak zo hi.

Makai khat ngaihsutna pen a hoih tampi om napi tua bek gam upadi leh thukhun dan in a kizat ciangin hoih khin lo hi. Communism tawh ki-ukna pen liangko kikkik in neih leh lam kitaang in nei khawm in, government in factory, industry leh infrastructure tuamtuam ah mawhpuakna len in ki-ukna hi a, ki-ukna hoih mahmah a hau lua leh a zawng lua om lo dinga ki-ukna hoih mahmah pawl ahih hangin makai khat in thuneihna amah bek in len suak nuam in, thuneihna kuamah a ot nuam loh ciang leh upadi khauh tak a zuih teitei ding cih thukhun a om ciangin dictatorship leh authoritarianism tawh ki-ukna piang baih mahmah hi.

Political society khatpeuh ah makai khat in thuneihna leh makai za sawt a let luat ciangin ama ngaihsutna leh thumuhna pen tu lai hun tawh kituak nawn lo (updated lo, outdated lua) ahih manin khantohna thak ding leh kansuanna thak ding ngaihsutna thak piangkhia thei loin khangtohna kibansam baih mahmah hi. Makai pen democratic system tawh ki-ukna ahih manin makai ding golhguk leh khemna leh zolna leh pawl zon siamna bek tawh tawh teel loin "free and fair" takin a hun tawh kituakin teel pahpah in, kilaih theih zel leng ngaihsutna thak lej khantohna thak mel kimu thei pan a, minam leh gam cidam hi.

I political society cidamna ding i deih leh sanginn tuamtuam a ngaihsutna zakhatte kam leh lei tul tampite kido sakin, hong kidem sakin, ki-elsak ngeingai in, pak za tampi zong paak khiasak zihziah lel ni.

✍️Thang Khan Lian

POLITICS LEH DEMOCRACY VAI TAWH KISAI TAM LO ETNA LEH KUPNA LEH HILHCIANNA

POLITICS LEH DEMOCRACY VAI TAWH KISAI TAM LO ETNA LEH KUPNA LEH HILHCIANNA

Thupatna: Ei khamtung mite sungah “politics leh democracy” cih a uk leh lawp kitam pian ta napi hih kammal nihte a khiatna taktak bang hiam cihna a telcian lo mi kitam lai mahmah bang a, tel mahmah danin pawl khatte in a kampi bek uh tawh gengen napi un a concept a taktakin (reality) i zuih ding taktak ciangin a deih lo leh zadah na tam bilbel hi. Ngaihsutna leh a concept tawm gen kha le'ng minam leh makaite langpang hi teh, ci-in hong ngawh ngam lai tam mahmah a, democracy cih a gengen hangun kum zalom 20 hun in Europe gam-a radical authoritarian ultranationalism tawh dictatorial power zangin thatang hatna tawh langte bengdai in society leh economy aana tawh ukkhumna (fascism) tawh ki-ukna bangin i democratic rights khempeuh hong betdaihsak nuam makai kici leh makai ut leh gam leh minam it kici kitam lai mahmah hi. Hih kammal nihte i theitel mateng pen kum zalom 21 hun ah i nungta zongin gam leh minam vai in a tel zo ngei lo ding mi kamsiate ahi uh hi.

Pawl khatte in laisimna panin thutheihna, pilna leh ciimna a kingah theih lam phawkkhia nai loin tua bang ngaihsutna nei nai lo uh hi lai hiam amau omna a thupiang leh politics bek amau bekin a thei keek pen ding bek kisa-in a thei pen leh a pil pen bangin pau phiatphiat ngam lai uh hi. Tu hun pen leitung bup khuata khat bang (Global Village) hun ahih tawh kituakin “Technology Age” i ci ding hiam, “Internet Age” i ci zaw ding hiam hun hita ahih manin laibu hoih nono leh laibu manpha leh a lui mahmahte nangawn sum tawh lei i zawh loh dingte nangawn online panin ngah leh sim ziahziah theih hun, gam khat i pau leh ham i theih loh zenzen hangin mangpau thei peuh le'ng a ngeina uh, a gam tuanthu leh tangthute (history) uh, a political system uh a gam-a om lai sim lote sangin tel zawk theih hun hita hi.

POLITICS I CIH BANG?

“Politics” cih kammal pen Greek kammal “polis” cih (city-state a cihna) panin hong kilakhia hi. Politics cih kammal zang masa pen “a dik leh a man a nuntakna tawh nuntak ding” (living a virtuous life) kisam hi cih a bulphuh a pang mi - kum zalom 4 BC hun a Greek philosopher Aristotle in a laibu “Politics” cih a gelhna panin hong zat masak ahi hi. Greek ten “polis” cih kammal pen khuapi (city) a cihna uh hi a, thukhensatna (decision making), thukham;thukhun (law) bawlna, thuneihna (power) zangin ki-ukna leh kivaihawmna hoih (governance) bawlna ding cihte ah “polis” kammal na zang uh hi.

Greek mite in “politika” cih kammal pen khuapi sunga thupiang leh dinmun (affairs of the state) a genna uh hi a, gam (state) khat sunga teng mite vaihawmna hoih tawh ki-ukna a pian' theihna ding genna kammal in na zang uh hi. Politics kammal pen a cilin Ancient Greek mite in khuapi genna dingin “polis”; tua leh gam mite (citizen) genna dingin “polites”; state affairs ah governance genna dingin “politicos”; Old French in “poltique” (political a cihna) leh kum zalom 15 kim pawlin Early Modern English ah “Polettiques” ci-in a kizang late Middle English hun 1430 in “politic” cih bangin hong kizang pen tu dong i zat tohtoh uh kammal suak hi.

Medieval Age tawp lam in English kammal ah Greek pau “politika” panin Latin in “politicos” panin kila Old French pau ah “politique” kici panin “political” ci-in na zang uh hi. Democracy i cih ciangin mipi a tamzaw (majority) deihna banga ki-ukna leh kivaihawmna genna hi a, mipi a tamzaw deihna tawh kituakin mipite sik leh tang dinga palai leh nasem/sila (public representative or public servant) ding (gam makai i cihte) kiteelcing a, tuate state assemble (MLA or House of Representative) leh parliament (MP or Senator) ding kisawl a, mipite teelcing mite vaihawmna tawh ki-ukna (republican government system) hong piangkhia hi.

Politics cih kammal a khiatna pen gam khat leh kuam (area) khat sungah ki-ukna hoih om theihna dingin gamtatna leh silbawlna tawh kisai lamsang (governance process) genna; ahih kei leh thuneihna (power) len parties sunga kinialna (debate) genna dingin kizang hi. Tua loin politics cih kammal pen kipawlna sungah thuneihna khan’sakna ding ahih kei leh mi khatpeuh nuntakna noptuamsakna leh laptohna (welfare) ding ngimna tawh nasep silbawl lamsang genna hi. Politics pen thuneihna kituhna; thuneihna parties lente kinialna (debates) leh thuneihna keek liatna ding bek hi loin taangpi taangta nuntak khuasak noptuamna ding leh dinmun laptohna dingin ki-ukna hoih (governance) pian’sakna ding genna dinga kammal kizang ahi hi.

DEMOCRACY I CIH BANG?

Democracy i cih pen state sunga member dinga citna neite; kum cingte (eligible members) ahih kei leh milip a tamzaw ten a palai dingun a deih pen uh a teelna uh tawh ki-ukna omna mun genna dinga kizang kammal hi. Democracy cih kammal pen Greek kammal nih: “demos” (the people) – mipite a cihna leh “kratia or krateia”(power) – ukna (mite ukna; vaihawmna; mipite’ thuneihna) cih kammal panin a kila ahi hi. Democracy gam-ah thuneihna (power) lianpen neite pen gam makaite hi loin mipite hi a, mipite pen to (master) za a lente hi a, makai (leaders) i cihte pen mipite phattuamna dingin nautangte sik leh tanga nasem/sila ahih kei leh palaite (public servants or representatives) hi zaw bek uh hi.

Gam ukte pen kumpi (king) ci-in Zokam in i gengen pen a man het lo thu hi a, Medieval Age (kum zalom 5th-15th kikal genna) hun in gam tam zawte in kumpi ukna (monarchy) na phiatin mipite ukna (democracy) in na laih uh ahih manun kumpi na bei mang dektak a, monarchy panin democracy in thuneihna kilaihna (transition of power) a pian'na dingin gal kidona leh sisan naisan luan'na nasia takin piang a, sisan naisan leh luang tampi tawh democracy na lei na lam uh hi.

Democracy kammal pen French pau in “democratie” kici a, late 16th century panin “democracy” cih kammal hong kizang hi. US President a 16na Abraham Lincoln in, “Democracy i cih pen mipite thuneihna leh vaihawmna (government), thuneihna a len mipite, mipite adinga (hamphatna ding) vaihawmna tawh ki-ukna hi,” na ci hi. Democracy kici pen kumpi ukna nuai-ah gam ki-ukna kiho a, gam uk makai lutang (head of executive) Medieval Age hun in 'divine rights of king' a kizat hun bangin kumpi phengtat leh mot gamtat thei loin gam upadi (constitution) tawh a kituakin a gamtat kei leh Congress or Parliament in impeachment proceedings or vote of no-confidence motion tawh paikhia (impeached) thei ziau hi.

Democracy tawh ki-ukna pen ancient Athens khuapi-ah 507 BC kiim pawl in “land reforms” leh leibat a lohkik zawh kei kei leh sila a kineih leh kizatna “debt slavery” vai buaina hong daih ciangin reforms of statesman Solon' hun in na piangkhia hi. Democracy pen Greek city-state ah 562 panin 322 BC kikal sung buaina pawl khat a om hangin na kizang toto hi. Greek Dark Age hun in city-states tuamtuamte ah mi tawm khat bekin thuneihna a letna uh tawh ki-ukna (Oligarchy) hong piangkhia a, dinmun sang nei a kizahtak mite “noble” a kicite bekin thuneihna hong bup lak uh hi. Athens khuapi-ah Areopagus kici council leh law court hong piangkhia a, hih mun ah taangpi taangta sungah panmun sang nei leh min leh za neite ''aristocratic class" kicite pawl bekin state machinery khempeuh uk-in kumpi ulian (official) len dingte guang uh a, civil court ah tu in, za niam nei "lower class" kicite in zum ah tutna ngah thei lo uh hi.

Ahih hangin citizen-soldier model “Hoplite” kici kum zalom 8-7 BC in hong pian'khiat ciangin thuneihna lente in buaina hong tuak pah uh a, mi khempeuh liangko kikim hi, rights leh hamphatna kikim hi, cih upna (egalitarianism) hong piangkhia hi. Hoplite kicite pen sila ahi lo a suakta gammi hihna nei (free citizens or non-slaves) mite sung panin panin galhiam liante tawi-in “phalanx” military formation panmun bawlin a vei lam-a om galkap humbit pawlte hi. Galhiam a tawi thei pasal khempeuh in state humbit dingin kipiakhia uh ahih manin hih thu hangin “middle class” kicite hong piangkhia hi. Middle class hong pian'khiat ciangin nasepna (service) len thei ding ci-in kiciamtehna ngahin kipulak a, full-citizenship a ngah ban uh-ah political representation len thei dingin hamphatna kipia hi. Tua bang hun lai-in “lower class” kicite in zong kalh leh nget (demands) hong nei uh ahih manin “higher class” kicite tawh amau kikal ah “land reform” leh leibat lohkik zawh kei leh sila a kineihna leh kizatna “debt slavery” vai hangin civil society sungah buaina piang thei dinmun in hong om hi.

Ancient Athens khuapi-ah 507 BC kiim pawl in “land reforms” leh na leibat na lohkik zawh kei leh sila a kineihna “debt slavery” vai buaina hong daih ciangin reforms of statesman Solon' hun in hong pian'khiat ciangin state vai tawh kisai citizens ngah khempeuh in vote khia thei ding hi; law court ah citizenship ngah khempeuh citna siamna neite in panmun len thei ding hi; aristocracy class mite in zum sangpen (highest office) uk ding uh a, middle class mite in zum niam zawte uk ding uh hi; mi zawngte in thukhen za a let theihna dingun aisanna (lot) tawh len thei ding uh hi, cih thukhamte hong kibawl ciangin Greek city-states ah democracy hong piangkhia masa pen hi.

Kum zalom 6 BC bei kuanin kumpi gilo Peisistrators in thuneihna hong let ciangin kumpi gilo nuai-ah ki-ukna (tyranny) hong piang hi. Tua hun in Cleisthenes in aristocratic class mite makaih in lower class mite tawh hong pangkhawm uh a, kumpi gilo Peisistratos’ thuneihna hong laksak uh hi. Cleisthenes in popular government (direct democracy zong a kici – representative democracy ahi lo) democracy diktak 507 BC in true democratic institution kici hong piangkhiasak a, government ah panmun len ding za kiluahsawnna (hereditary) phiatin citizenship neite sung panin panmun len ding mi guang a, citizenship a nei picing khempeuh (numei leh gamdang mi kihel lo) in voting rights hong ngah uh a, Boule hong phuahpha kik-in council 500 omna legislation hong bawlkhiatna panin thukham (laws) kibawl ahih manin “Egalitarian government” kici hong piangkhia hi.

Ahih hangin Polenesian War lai-in Sparta khuapi mite in Athens khuapi hong zawh ciangun Athens khuapi sunga Oligarchy class pawlte in democracy hangin kithanem hi, ci-in democracy nih vei phiat uh hi. Oligarchs pawlte in democracy nih vei hong phiat ciangun a lehnan’na leh lehdona dingin counter-revolution kici hong piang a, democracy tawh ki-ukna nih vei a kiphiat lai-in kum khat sung tuakin kitungding kik pah a, kum 80 sung democracy nungta suak hi. Macedonia kumpipa Philip II in Athens khuapi a lak khit nung leh a tapa Alexander the Great in 322 BC in Athens khuapi a lakkik khit nungin democracy kibeisak (abolished) hi.

Hellenistic period a kicih hun kum zalom 1 BC leh 2 BC kikal sungin democracy a kihin'kiksak (revived or restored) hangin Rome-te in 146 BC in Athens a lak khit nungun democracy hong si hi. Athens ah democracy a kiphiatmang hangin Athenian Science leh Philosophy tu dong nungta-in suakta lai a, Greek philosophers Plato leh Aristotle’ laigelhte huzapna hangin tu dong democracy hing lai hi. 2015 in leitung gam 195 omte lak panin gam 125 ah democracy tawh ki-ukna government om a, a kum hong paipai tawh kituakin democracy lunggulhna hangin kibehto zel hi.

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT GAM KICITE AH HIH BANGTE OM A, A OM LOH KIPHAMAWH HI (A OM KEI LEH DEMOCRACY PEN A MANPHATNA OM LO HI):-

1. Thuneihna (power) a kikim in mun thum ah kikhenna (balance separation) om hi:

(a) Legislative: Parliament or House ah thukham/thukhun bawlte (MLAs leh MPs or representatives leh senators); (b) Executive: Senior level ah gamvai tawh kisai upadi tawh kituakin nasem dinga panmun lente; thukhensatna bawlte (decision-makers); (c) Judiciary: Thukham leh khenna lamsang (law and legal system) ah thuneihna len leh thukhenna lamsang mawhpuakna len thukhente (Low leh High Court leh Supreme Court judges) cihte hi. Judiciary pen a suakta pumpi (independent body) hi a, a thukhenna uh leh thuneihna uh executive leh legislative body in thuneihna neih khum thei lo ahih manin executive, legislative leh judiciary bodies a thum in independent body in kikhen ahih manin "systems of balances and checks" kici kizui hi.

2. Democratic ngeina (democratic system):

Democracy tawh ki-ukna gam khatpeuh ah political party khat sanga tamzaw om a, kipawlna tuamtuam (organizations) khat sanga tam zaw (pluralistic) om hi. Political party khat sanga tamzaw om theih lohna mun leh kipawlna tuamtuam om theih lohna pen democratic system kici thei lo a, fascists system (opposition party dang om ding phal lohna tawh state in economy leh society khauh takin uk khum a, galkapte in thuneihna lianpi nei-in right-wing political belief tawh ki-ukna) ahih kei leh monarchical system (kumpi khat thuneihna) tawh ki-ukna leh kivaihawmna suakin democratic system teng kigo lum hi. Thuneihna len (ruling party) limlim a muhna bangun gen in thukhen theihna - i Zokam ah gensia i cih se (criticized) leh langpan’ (oppose) theih lohna mun ah democracy nungta zo lo a, thukhun khauh takin thuneihna lente deihna bangbanga ki-ukna piang ahih manin democracy leh democratic sprit nungta zo loin si hi.

3. Hamphatna (Rights):

(a) Human Rights: (i) Mikim in amau ngaihsutna leh deihna launa nei loin suakta takin genkhiat theihna dingin hamphatna (freedom of speech and expressions) nei uh hi. (ii) Thau tawi loin kipawlna (organization or association) khatpeuh phuankhiat theihna ding leh a mihon kipawlkhop (assemble) theihna dingin hamphatna nei uh hi. Right to Assemble thukhun pen US ah First Amendment kici a Constitution uh-ah a om hangin Second Amendment in buaina piangsak loin thau tawi-in pawl khatpeuh phuankhiat theihna ding hamphatna nei uh hi (government a lehdo kei peuh uh leh).

(b) Political Rights: (i) Gam mi hihna nei kum cing mi (kum 18 tung lam) khempeuh in vote khiat theihna dingin “right to vote” hamphatna nei uh a, amau mimal vote tawh elections kituhna a kihel candidates khatpeuh a vote uh a piak theihna dingin deihteel theihna (right to choose representative) ding hamphatna nei uh hi. A deih pen uh vote pia in, a vote uh-ah thuneihna a neih kei uh leh democracy man lo gam hi pah hi. (ii) Thukham palsat mi gilo hi ci-in ciamtehna nei (criminal record) ahih kei buang leh picing khatpeuh (gam pawl khatte in Constitution in a kum a ciangtan ding nei) in election tuh thei (run for election) hi. Criminal record nei lah hilo napi-in elections khatpeuh a tuh theih kei a, minam vai leh biakna vai hangin a kidalna leh kideidantuamna (obstruction and discrimination) a om leh democracy tawh ki-ukna gam hi kici thei lo hi.

4. Rule of Law: Political society sungah a utpeuh in thukham amau khut sungah la (taking laws into own hands) thei lo hi. Tangpi tangta in thukham (law) kizahtak a, thukham in lim takin na a sep theihna dingin kiphal hi. Thukham in a zawng leh a hau, thuneihna nei leh nei lo, a thahatte leh a thanem a zawngkhawlte deidantuam nei loin a kibangin thukham tawh kivaihawmna om a, thukham kizahtak hi. Thukham in deidantuam leh angvantuam a nei a, president leh gam uk uliante ading thukham tuam.a om sese leh rule of law om lo hi pah hi.

5. Media: (i) Pluralistic: Media nam tuamtuam om ding dalna leh nawngkaisakna bangmah om lo hi. (ii) Independent: Media tuamtuam omte in suahtakna nei uh a, a utpeuh uh suahsak theihna dingin “media freedom” rights kipia hi. (iii) Free: Media tuamtuam om theihna dinginm dalna leh nawngkaisakna ding bangmah government in thukham bawl khum thei lo hi. Democracy in kingakna khuampi (pillars) li nei a- Executive, Legislative, Judiciary leh a lina Media hi. Media a kilangdona gam leh a suahtak lohna gam-ah democracy cidam zo lo hi. Amah a pum phat leh pum gup lo media peuhmah gam ukpa leh gam uk ruling party gensia hi, Fake News vive hi, mipite gal hi, a cici makai leh party pen democracy adingin gal lianpen hi a, Adolf Hitler leh Benito Mussolini danin nazism leh fascism tawh gam a uk nuamte lungsim leh ngaihsutna leh kampau zat ahi hi.

6. Transparency and Accountability: Democracy tawh ki-ukna gamte ah gam makaite, ulian, thuneite, police leh army leh kumpi nasep za lian neite (bureaucrats) sungah thusim seelsim leh ipsim leh keel luphum cih bang om thei loin na khempeuh kimuhpailetna (transparency) om ahih manin transparency leh accountability kizangin upadi palsat makaite zumkong mangkong ah kikhia thei hi. State/government leh defense/security dengdel theihna ding, gam mite nuntakna dengdelna leh lauhthawngsakna ding piangsak theite bek “state or defence secret” ci-in CONFIDENTIAL ahih kei leh CLASSIFIED ci-in kikoih bek a, thu dang khempeuh kimupailet a, kisit theihna (accountability) om den hi.

Thuneihna leh vaihawmna lente pen genbaang lo mi cih kuamah om thei lo a, amau gamtatna tawh kituakin kikankhuat thei, kikalh thei, kiciamteh leh simsak theihna;sit theihna (accountability) om hi. Thukham a palsat ciangun dan (punishment) kipia a, hihkhialh sepkhialh a neih uh leh mipite in dot theihna ding leh zumkong mangkong ah khia in thonginn dong ah khum theihna ding rights kinei tek hi. A phun nuam leh a gensia nuam, a langpang nuam, a pum gup nuam leh a pum phat nuamte in rights kinei ciat hi. Ahih hangin democracy gam-ah freedom of speech and expression om hi ci-in mindaisakna (defamation) dingin fake news leh disinformation zuau bulomtang khahkhah leh gengen manin zumkong mangkong tun' theih banah thongkiat theihna dingin Defamation Law khauh mahmah om hi.

Thukhupna: Kum zalom 21 hun in politics leh democracy i gengen lai-in i politics leh democracy muhna leh san' zia a tunga tam lo i gente tawh a kituak hiam? Democracy deih takpi ihi hiam? Politics thei takpi ihi hiam? Democracy tawh ki-ukna pen tu hun in ki-ukna hoihpen in kingaihsun in kideih pen a, 2015 in leitung gam 195 lakah gam 125 pen democracy tawh ki-ukna hita hi. Nang democracy deihna bang hiam? Democracy piankhiat ma kum zalom 5 BC ma-a ki-ukna deih a ciahkik sawm lai na hi hiam? Na democracy otpihpih fascism ahih kei leh nazism hi zaw hiam? A dik lo nate delh na khawlsan ciangin a dik nate in nang hong man kha zo pan bek ding hi.

️Thang Khan Lian

NA MANPHATNA TEL KHIAL KEI KHA KEI IN

NA MANPHATNA TEL KHIAL KEI KHA KEI IN

Lingpaak (rose) nam pen cobi lum (cabbage) sangin nakpi takin namtui zaw a, a hoihna leh namtuina hangin kideih mahmah hi. Ahih hangin lingpaak mehtui dingin huan leng cobi lum tuimawl sangin lim zaw tuan lo ding hi.

Midangte leh nang kitehkak den in khakhun in thanemna ding bek zongzong se kei in. Nang sungah thahat om hi cih kiphawk in la, tua panin tha la zaw in. Nang sunga thahatna kiseelsim zong in la, tua tawh kaksuan in mainawt in. Na tuk khak ciangin na thawh kik zawh peuh leh a tuk ngei lote sangin tuk napi a thokik pa/nu kip zaw hi.

Noah hun-a tuiciin tun lai-in teembaw sungah nuntakna nei khempeuh a kop in Noah in lutpih hi. Noah' teembaw sungah nuntakna a nei khempeuh lak panin a zia ol pen pawl dokdawn nangawn a lut ma Pasian in ngakin teembaw kong khaknelh khum lo hi. Noah' teembaw sungah dokdawn lut khit dong a ngak zawhna dingin Pasian in lungduaina nei ahih leh ama lim leh mel suun in hong bawl a tanu/tapa' na tunna ding mun na tun ma dong hong ngak zawhna dingin lungduaina nei zaw peelmawh ding hi. Tua ahih manin na tunna ding mun na tun dong a itna kong na sungkalh lo ding hi.

Midangte in na thanemna, na citlahna, na mi bat lohna hong zahpih in hong simmawh ciangin kilungneusak in lungkia pah kei in. Nang leh nang kineumuh in kineu koih kha kei in. Nisa lel in vul gawp mah leh a hoihna a bei tuan lo, zingnom daitui tawh a palh kik liingpaak' nuntakna lungngai in la, lingpaak' nuntakna panin tha la in.

Nang leh nang na kineusak mateng a ut tengin hong neu koih hangin na manphatna kiam tuam lo a, hong nengniam zo ngei lo uh hi cih phawk in. Khuilu a kibawl colour (crayon) kitan khinsa pen a manphatna bei tuan lo a, a tawipa in zang peuh leh a colour nam neih mah tawh lim etlawm mahmah in zem thei veve hi cih phawk in.

Na manphatna thei in. Lungdamna/lungnopna pen buaina leh haksakna tuak in buaina leh haksatna tawh kipelh tawmtung na hilo a, buaina leh haksatna tampi i tuah hangin tuate nawksuak zawhna pen lungdamna leh lungnopna thusim hi zaw hi. A piang bangbang tawh lungdam theihna pen lungnopna lianpen kipatna bulpi hi. Pasian in ama lim leh mel suun in hong piansak ahih ahih manin ama min muhna ah na manpha hi. Na manphatna mangngilh kei in.

                                                                      🌹

🖋️Thang Khan Lian

HI KHIN PAH DEN LO AHIH I LAMPIAL KHAK MA-IN NGAIHSUN PHA KIKKIK NI

HI KHIN PAH DEN LO AHIH I LAMPIAL KHAK MA-IN NGAIHSUN PHA KIKKIK NI

👉Meelhoih hangin pasal/zi hoih muh teitei ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Cinat hangin sih pah ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Sum tawm khat hauh manin khangto lua ing cih theih pah lo hi.

👉Buaih (degree) khat ngah hangin sepna hoih ngah teitei ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Inn hoih neih manin kituak takin innkuan nungta pah ding cihna om tuan lo hi.

👉Lupna hoih leh lupna nuam mahmah ah lup hangin ihmut lim pah hanhan ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Mawtaw hoih khat neih hangin i tun nopna gam teng kitung zo ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Puan tampi man leh a hoih nono tawh na kizep lenlan hangin na meel hoih pah ding, nang tawh kilawmkhawm pah ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Innkuan adingin siavuan khat i neih/guaih zawh hangin innkuan bup a cidam den ding, cina ngei lo ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Buaih sangpipi ngah hangin thu khempeuh tel kim ding cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Mihau khat pasal dingin na teenpih hangin na nupa kal uh nuam pah hanhan ding, kituak mahmah ding cih hi pah lo hi.

👉 Ngapik duh khempeuh ngathu, sathu, aithu, bekanthu a duh hi pah kei. A uih khempeuh zong nekmawh na hi khin pah sam kei. A uihna mun mah a khialah vive pawl hi zaw hang.

👉Kam hat thu tawh kinialna tawh mi na zawh den hangin thuman/thudik den hi teh cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉 Politics thu i gen ciangin Zokam a om lote genna dingin mangpau a political term omte zat manin mangpau kisiamsakna leh Zolai it lo cihna hi pah lo hi.

👉Gam it a kici makai hunbit nasem khempeuh gam it hi pah lo a, hunbit biakna nasem khempeuh a khami lua leh khamangthang vei lua hi pah tuan lo hi.

KIDAWM IN

👉 I hamphatna pen i lawmte' hamsiatna ahih a, i suahtakna pen i lawmte' awkcipna a suah a, ei angsung ding bek meetna pen midangte supna ding, muisiatna ding, kahtam lohna ding leh khitui luanna ding ahih khak leh leitungah mun a nei lo mi ihi ding a, i gualzawhna leh i meetna sawt kimang lo ding hi.

👉 Zawhthawh thu tawh mi khat na ut bangbangin na bawl zawh hangin na thahatna leh na gualzawhna na nuntak sung khom lo ding na hih manin na guallelh ni ciangin thuakzawh loh guallelhna leh nuainehna na thuak ni hong tung peelmawh veve ding hi cih mangngilh kei in.

I ngaihsutnate a khial tampi om...

"Thu gensiampa khatin Vangam pen siangtho in nop a cih in nop dinga, Pasian vaang in hong taan' ding hi. Tua mun pen nop lua mahmah ding ahih manin eite khawng a tunna dingin kilawm lo hi. Haleluijah!" ci-in a ot baba leh a thugen ngai ten Amen na ci zaw zai lai uh hi. A thugen pa'n, "Amen a ngaih cih semsem ten thupha ngah ta hen," a cih leh mipite a aw neih tengin Amen ci a ku ngeingai tam dep zaw lai hi. Meeltheih tam ding hi cih uona tawh hell gam tung nuam bel tam tuak bilbel uh hi.

Thugen a pulpit tum a awng babate teng zong a khami hi pah tuam sam kei. Seidei a kamtuam pau bualbualte zong a khami lua na khin pah sam kei. Gam it kici a kuku pong a gam makai khempeuh zong gam it taktak hi pah kei. A sepkhiatna pan bek uh leh gam mite a bawl dan bek pan uh leh khamangthang a matna leh veina pan bek un kitelkhia zo pan bek hi.

🖋️Thang Khan Lian

TUUTE TUUCINGPA' KIKAL

TUUTE TUUCINGPA' KIKAL

Tuucing hoih in a tuute makaih in a kilem lo leh a pial om ngei loin bit uh hi. Tuucing hoih loin a tuute makaih lo ahih manin a tuute lam pial in vakzau uh a, kithehthang uh ahih manin ngia ten khat khit khat ban neknek uh hi.

I pawlpi sung kilem loin kikhenkhen beh in, i gam leh minam vai (politics) a kituah leh makai hoih kinei cihna hi a, i kituah kei a, i kithehthang a, namdangte sangin i tualniam zawk a, state dang leh gamdang bek ah pilna siamna leh nuntakna ngah zawh ding bek lametna leh lunggulhna i neih lai teng pen makai gina in hong makaih nai lo cihna hi ziau hi.

Tuute makai dinga nawh a, tuucingpa tuute in a makaih ciangin khantoh ding lamen ihih kei leh makai hoih kisam hi. Gamdangte ah zong singkung tung panin sum kilo tuan lo a, van panin pilna siamna hong kiasuk tuan lo hi. Sehnel gam ah Israel mite nek ding vantung panin manna a kiatsuk bangin manna hong kiasuksuk nawn lo ding hi. Tuute' kipumkhatna ding, gilvahna ding leh bitna ding tuute mawhpuakna ah kinga loin tuucingpa' khut sungah kinga hi. Tam gen beh kisam sa kei mai ing.

Tuute gawh ding leh a hun lopi-in nektum ding bek a moltum leh suangtum tawh a ngimngim tuucing kinei sese hiam cih i khantoh nop a, namdangte leh gamdangte khantohna bang i lunggulh leh ngaihsut thamcing mahmah ta hi.

A = Ak khuang ta thawh hun ta!
Z = Zomite hanlungciam khangto diam!

🖋️Thang Khan Lian