SIHNA SANGA A KIHTAKHUAI ZAW : INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AH GALVAN ZAT DINGA KIKHAM NAM NGATE
Aug. 5, 2017: A beisa kum 110 lai, June - October 1907 in kum zalom sunga galdo ah galvan bang ten zat dingin kikham ding hiam ci-in Second Hague Conference ah gam 44 in thu kikupkhawmna na nei uh, hih khawmpi hangin khawmpi dang Convention 13 hong piang beh a, lei a kidona ah zuih ding thukhun leh ngeina (laws and customs), gal a kihel lote hamphatna leh tavuan (rights & duties) ding leh leitunga buaina omte dai takin vensak ding thukimna tampi na nei uh a, tu dong mah hih thukimnate tampi kizui lai hi.
Hague Conferences nih vei (first conference pen 1899 in kinei hi) kineihna ah galvan nam tuamtuam zat loh ding pawl khat leh galdona mun ah zuih ding thukhun kihel a, tuate lak ah thau tang a golna gol behsak ding, projectiles (missles, rockets, shells, RPG i cihte), sih theihna huih (poisonous gas) leh mut puak panin projectiles kap cihte zat ding na kham hi. Kum zalom 20 sung mah in galvan thak nam tuamtuam zong leitung ah zat ding na kham beh lai uh hi. Sih theihna galvan zat dingin international conventions in a phal loh nam ngate en suk ni.
1. Thautang golna khansakna (Expanding Bullets):
Gal kidona ah thautang golna kikhansak beh thautangte zat ding kiphal lo hi. Ahih hangin sabengna ding leh gam pawl khat a police forces ten zang veve lai uh hi. Thangtang golsakna pen a laizang pan a kimkot dong (diameter) a golna nih bangin a kikhansakna manin a ngimna mun a golzaw sung liamsakna ding cih tupna hi a, khawlsakna dingin thahatna leh vangliatna (stopping power) a neih manin sabengna dingin kinak zat diak hi. Thautang a golna khansakna pen 1890s kiim a kibawl a min "dum dum" kici a, British ten India gam hong keek lai un Kolkota kianga British military facility ah bawlkhia masa pen uh hi. A thautang pen soft steel tawh kibawl a, a thau muk hawm (hollow-nosed designed) ahih manin a khakna mun a gol zawkna ding, a liamsakna mun in sih theihna ahih kei leh a khakte mipoi/piangsual suaksak ding ngimna tawh kibawl hi.
The Hague Convention,1899 in thautang golsak ding a kham hangin Galpi Nihna hun lai-in Russia leh German galkap ten thatang gol zang uh hi. Tu-in bel thautang golte kizang nawn lo a, International law in galdona munte zat ding kham hi. Ahih hangin US ten galkap ten galkap ten a kisap leh thautang golte zat ding hi cih nial in pang lai uh hi. Review Conference of the Rome Statute ah Article 8 bawlphatna (amendment) kinei a, thautang golte galdona ah zat pen galdona ah thukham palsatna (war crime) in kiciamteh ta hi. Gal kidona ah thautang golte zat ding a kikham hangin gam pawl khat ah police (law enforcement agencies) ten thautang gol pen suamna bawlte thah pah theihna ding leh mi tamna mun ah siatna lianpi (collateral damage) piangsak ding dalna in hoih hi ci-in nak zat mahmah lai uh hi.
2. Napalm:
Napalm pen sih theihna gu (a man leh a kuang nuam mahmah a tui, a sa mahmah, vun leh puan ah belh in, husapna, vun kangsak, sihna piangsak) hi a, 1942 in Harvard University secret laboratory ah zatui siam Louis Fieser in a bawlkhiat ahi hi. Napalm pen (aluminium salt of naphthenic and palmitic acids) a kuang thei tui (flammable liquid), gelling agent kihelkhawm leh gasoline (petrol) ahih kei leh fuel khatpeuh tawh kigawmkhawm ahi hi. A bawl pen baihlam mahmah a, tawm man mahmah hi. US ten Vietnam War leh Korean War ah na nak zat mahmah uh a, Vietnam gam bek ah 333,000 tons (333,000 * 1000 ks) tak na zang zen uh hi. Galpi Nihna in zong kizang hi. Napalm pen US galkap ten Vietnam War ah gammang leh khua zang bup halna ding leh Viet Kong galkapte bukna munte halna dingin nak zat mahmah uh hi.
Tua loin Napalm pen galkap ten vanleng pan bomb khiatna (aviation bombs), meikuang tawh hal leh lotna (flamethrowers) leh thakhat thu-in meikuang khahkhiatna (incendiary charges) dingin nak zat mahmah uh ahih manin a galte uh leh amau kipawlpih galkapte (friendly forces) tampi in sihna thuak lawh uh hi. Hih zah in Viet Kongte a do hangun US ten Vietnam War lel veve uh hi. UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in 1980 in napalm pen nautang omna mun ah zat theih loh dingin na kham a, ahih hangin gam a hunkhop in CCW protocols zuih dingin namkip (ratified) nai lo lai uh hi.
3. Bomb a puah khit ciangin a puak kik beh thei bomb leh galvante (Cluster Munitions):
2008 in Dublin, Ireland ah Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) kiphuankhia a, July 2017 in gam 108 in CCM zuih dingin thukimna suaikai uh a, thukhun zuih dingin namkipna nei uh hi. Ahih hangin cluster bombs bawlkhia tam pen leh zang diakte pen US, Russia, China, India, South Korea leh Israel hi a, hih gam ten CCM thukimna suai thukimpih nai lo uh a, cluster bomb pen zatthamcing mahmah hi cih paulap in nei uh hi. Ahih hangin hih gam tengin cluster bomb pen mipi tam teenna mun ah zat ding kham uh hi.
Cluster ammunition kici lak panin vanleng panin kikhia "aviation cluster bomb" kicite kihtakhuai leh minthang pen hi. Hih bombte pen hawm (hollow shell) a, a bomb khahkhia "dispensers" kici sungah bomb tangneu (bomblets) kici om a, tua sung khat ah 10 kg banga gik om hi. Dispenser khat sungah bomblets 100 om a, tuate pen galkapte thahna ding (anti-personnel), tank kapsiatna ding (anti-tank), thakhat thu a kuang (incendiary) ding, etc. a kibawl hi. Vanleng tung panin a kikhiat ciangin a bomb lei a tuk ma-in huilh lak a sangna mun (altitude) panin puakkham pah ahih manin bomblets ten mun lianpi sung deng in susia hi. Cluster bomb a hoih lohna pen a ngimna mun lianlian kha thei mel lo ahih manin a ngim lohna mun-a nautang tampipi in sih lawh kha zawsop den uh hi. Ahih hangin cluster bomb suakthakte ah "self-destruct mechanism" kithuah ahih manin nautang a ngim lohte leh liamna tam piangsak lo hi. US in Saudi Arabia tungah a zuak cluster bomb-te Saudi leh a pawl (Arab coalition) ten Yemen galdona ah nak zat mahmah uh ahih manin nautang tampi takin sih lawh khinzo uh hi.
4. White Phosphorus:
White phosphorus galvan/bomb (munitions) pen Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims ah a kisam lopi in sihna leh liamna tampi piangsak hi ci-in 1977 amendment protocol ah phuahphatna nei a, zat ding kikham hi. White phosphorus pen a kuang thei namte lak panin kuang nuam diak se a, huih tawh a kinawk khak leh amah leh amah puakkham (self-igniting) thei pah hi. White phosphorus galvan pen galte galkapte thahna ding leh galvan suksiatna dingin kinak zat mahmah hi.
White phosphorus galvan pen Galpi Khatna ah German leh British galkap ten na zang uh a, Galpi Nihna ah German air force ten na zang uh hi. US galkap ten Korean War, Syria leh Iraq galdona ah zong nak zat mahmah uh a, May kha-in US galkap ten IS makaipipa al-Baghdadi that ung ci-in a tangkokhiatna a neih un zong phosphorus bomb vanleng tung panin Syria ah a khiat uh ahi hi. Tua loin media reports ah Ukraine galkap ten amau gam sungah Donbass buaina ah Semyonovka khua-a rebels-te leh a rebels-te galvan koihna galvan phosphorus shells tawh kap uh hi cih suaksak uh hi. Phosphorus shells galvan in liamna, vut katna leh a khu dikna hangin sihna piangsak hi. Nitumna gam ten phosphorus galvan zat a khawlsan kei uh gamdang ten zong galdona ah hong zat ding uh lauthawnghuai mahmah hi.
5. Lei sunga bomb kiphum leh lampi kianga bomb thang kikamte (Land Mines):
Kum zalom 20 kipat cil panin land mines nam tuamtuam leitunga galkap tuamtuam ten hong nak zat mahmah uh hi. Land mine pen lei sungah kiphum in kiseel a, galte ngimna (targets) leh pan munte suksiatna ding, galkapte mawtaw, galdona mawtaw (armoured vehicles, tanks) suksiatna dingin kinak zat mahmah hi. Land mine zat pen kihtahhuai mahmah hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh gal a veng khit ciangin zong a kiphumna munte kiciamteh khin lo ahih kei leh kilakhia khin kim lo ahih manin nautang ten a silkhak ciangun mi tampi sihna piangsak a, galkap sangin nautang tamzaw in sihna thuak zawsop uh hi.
Land mines zat khamna dingin leitung gam tuamtuamte ah public campaigns mun tampi ah kinei kawikawi hi. 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (Ottawa Treaty zong a kici) ah land mine zat, zat dinga seng/kholkhawm, a bawl khiat leh gamdang ah zuak khiat sawn loh dingin thukimna kinei hi. Ahih hangin gam tampi kihel in US, Russia leh China in Ottawa Treaty thukimna suaikai nuam lo uh hi. Gam tuamtuamte galkapte bek hilo in kumpi lehdo namnuaimi nam tuamtuam - terrorists, rebels, insurgencies, militants leh guerrilla movements ten zong land mines nak zat mahmah uh hi. Russia leh Syria galkap ten Syria gam a khuapi lui Palmyra khuapi ISte khut sung panin a lak khit un Russian deminers ten ISte land min phum 19,000 a puak lo dingin demined uh hi.
Source: Sputnik; Vietnam War (thevietnamwar.info); Wikipedia
@Thang Khan Lian
@Thang Khan Lian
