EXONYM LEH ENDONYM ZATNA A KIBAT LOHNA I KHENTEL THEIH LOH MANIN BUAINA DINGA KISAM LOPI KIBUAIPIH DEN

EXONYM LEH ENDONYM ZATNA A KIBAT LOHNA I KHENTEL THEIH LOH MANIN BUAINA DINGA KISAM LOPI KIBUAIPIH DEN

Exonym leh endonym zatzia kibat lohna khentel theih loh man leh a kibat lohna san' zawh lohna hangin kum zalom 20 a kipanin leitung gam tuamtuamte leh minam tuamtuamte buaina na kipan hi. Ei Zo suan minamte - Chin-Kuki-Mizo (Chikim) sungah zong hih kammal nihte kizatzia i buaipihna pen sawt nai lo a, tu sawng teng bang social media ah Kuki vs Zomi a man zaw ding kituhna hangin pangpalek bangin tungnun' kituhna leh ultungsak zawk nopna hangin khat leh khat kikal ah kitelkhialhna leh kimuhdahna nangawn piangsak zo dek liang bang hi. Manglai (English) pau a siam leh nalpipi nangawn in a kizat dan a kibat lohna khentel zo nai lo kitam lai ahih manin hih kammal nihte kibat lohna kikumkhawm hi hang.

Exonym or xenonym (etic) kici pen gam leh mun leh mual min, mihon (group) min, mimal min ahih kei leh pau leh ham min dingin a pualamte hong sapna min (external name) hi a, mundang, mihon leh minam dangte leh pau leh ham dangte hong sapna dingin a zat uh genna kammal hi. Endonym or autonym (emic) pen gam leh mun min, mihon (minam) min, pau leh ham min genna dingin a tualsuak mite zat min (internal name) genna hi a, mun, a mi leh pau kibang zangte in a a zatkhawm uh min kibang (common name) dingin a zat uh - gentehna dingin amau leh amau a kisapna min, self-designated, a homeland uh ahih kei leh a pau min dingin a zat uh genna kammal dinga kizang (terminology) ahi hi.

Hih terminology lite - exonym, endonym, autonym leh xenonym cihte pen Greek kammal ónoma (ὄνομα), 'name' a cih panin zung nei uh a, Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ panin a kila ahi hi. A kammal masa a kikoih (prefixes) pen Greek éndon (ἔνδον), 'within' a cihna; autós (αὐτός), 'self' a cihna; éxō (ἔξω), 'out' a cihna; leh xénos (ξένος), 'foreign' a cihna hi. Exonyms leh endonyms terminology pen mundang genna min (toponym), ethnic groups (ethnonym), pau leh ham min (glossonym), ahih kei leh mimal - individuals (personal name) genna tuak mah ahi hi. Geographical features tawh kituakin United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names tuamtuamte in hih bangin a khiatna na gen uh hi:

*Endonym: A leitang omna kiim (area) ah a official ahih kei pau leh ham kician (well-established language) om tawh kituakin leitung mual leh guam lui leh tuipi, a keen a mual a lei suang tawh kisai gam omziate pianzia (geographical feature) min hi na ci hi.

*Exonym: Geographical feature in a omna mun-a official ahih kei leh pau kip leh kho khinsa (well-established language) min tawh a kisap dan tawh kibang loin geographical feature mun danga pau leh ham dang tawh a kisapna min hi na ci hi.

Gentehna dingin, Deutschland pen European gamte adingin endonym ahih hangin English pau in a exonym pen Germany hi a, French pau in a exonym pen Allemagne hi. A sap leh lawh dan uh a kibat loh hangin Germany a cihna mah uh ahi hi. Tua ahih manin gamkeek mite (colonialists) leh ngeina kante leh ciamteh mite (ethnographers) in exonym terminology dingin India ah Kuki, Myanmar ah Chin ci-in hong ciamteh in hong sap leh theih hangun, ei a tualsuak mite (indigenous or native peoples) in endonym term zangin Zomi ahih kei leh Thahdou i kicih dan hi bek hi. Buai luatna ding leh a zat dan a kibat lohna a khentel hamsat luatna ding om lo hi. Myanmar government in official recognition sungah a ciamteh 135 distinct ethnic groups om a, tuate lakah Chin ethnic groups sungah 53 different ethnic groups om hi. Tuate laakah i kiniaihpih diak Khumi (Khami), Khawno (Khuano), Gwete (Guite), Zo, Tedim (Hai-Dim), Thado cih bang kihel hi. Indian government in Schedule Tribes (STs) in hong ciamtehna lak panin Manipur government nuai-ah STs 33 omte lakah Sukte tribe in hong ciamteh hi. North-East India ah Sukte tribe ci-in hong kiciamtehna states lite: Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya leh Mizoram ah hong kiciamtehna pen endonym hi. 
EXONYM LEH ENDONYM HONG KIZATNA: 

Australian geographer Marcel Auroussea in The Rendering of Geographical Names (1957) cih a laibu sungah exonym kammal za zang masa pen a, endonym kammal pen a khuanungin exonym khiatna tawh a kilehbulh (antonym) dingin hong kizang hi. I tualsuak pau tawh Zogam ahih kei leh Zomi ci-in endonym terminology zat ding bek aana tawh i kinawh vatvat (minam it lo leh langpang bangin kingawh lai) hangin historical leh geographical reasons a om manin exonyms a kizatna a om den banah pau dang leh kammal (foreign words) pen a lawhna dingin a awkaih (pronunciation) a hamsat manin kimawkphiatmang thei ding pak ding na hilo hi.

Gentehna dingin, India, China, Egypt leh Germany cihte English-language exonyms hi a, a endonyms भारत (Bhārat), 中国 (Zhōngguó), مَصر (Masr) leh Deutschland cih bang ahi hi. Chinese leh German pen English pau in a exonyms hi a, endonym in "中文" ("Zhōngwén") leh "Deutsch" kici hi. Endonym term in Lamka, Kawlpi, Zangkong pen exonym in Churachandpur, Kalemyo, Yangon i cih dan hi bek hi. Ei Zo suante in "ui" i cih pen English in "dog", Hindi in "kutta" na ci uh a, endonyms tuak ahih hangin i sap dan kibang lo napi ui ahihna kiam tuam lo hi.

Germany genna dingin Deutschland a kizatna (case) en leng, exonyms a kizatna a hang pen a min lawhna dingin a awkaih (pronunciation or orthography) a kibat loh banah pau dang tuamtuamte ah lawh dan a kibat loh hangin a khiatna leh genna kibang (cognate) na hi veve hi. Germany a kicih sak hang leh Germany gam mite lak panin a pualam mite in exonym term zangin Germany hi a cih hangin German minam itte (nationalists) in Deutschland ci-in a sap loh hangun a zadah leh tangtel sihtan a bang liang kuamah na om tuan lo a, a gam uh zong neu tuam beek lo hi.

Tua banah gentehna dingin, London (original in Latin pau-in Londinium kici) pen cognate exonyms in Catalan, Filipino, French, Galician, Portuguese leh Spanish paute in Londres na ci uh a; Greek pau in Londino (Λονδίνο) kici a; Dutch pau in Londen kici a; Italian, Maltese, Romanian, Sardinian leh Turkish pau in Londra kici a; Albanian pau in Londër kici a; Czech leh Slovak pau in Londýn kici a; Polish in Londyn kici a; Icelandic in Lundúnir kici a; Finnish in Lontoo kici a; Persian in Landan kici hi. Tua loin French exonym in Netherlands gam pen Pays-Bas kici a, Dutch in Nederland kici napi a khiatna pen "Low Countries" a cihna tuak mah hi veve hi.

Exonyms pen tualsuak (native) leh a kikawm ( borrowed or third language) in kikhen thei hi. Gentehna dingin, Slovene in amau native exonyms Dunaj (Vienna) leh Benetke (Venice), leh a kikawm exonyms Kijev (Kiev) leh Russian panin Vilna (Vilnius) na ci uh hi. Continental Europe sunga mun leh gam minte pen a ciamteh tham ding tampi English exonyms hi napi-in, French pau in a kikawm leh a kizang (borrowed (or adapted) tampi omte lakah Navarre (Spanish: Navarra/Nafarroa), Belgrade (Serbian: Beograd), Cologne (German: Köln), Munich (German: München), Prague (Czech: Praha), Rome (Italian: Roma), Naples (Italian: Napoli), leh Florence (Italian: Firenze) cih bang ahi hi.

Gam omzia leh leitung gam tawh kisai min kiphuah thakna (geographical renaming) hangin exonyms leh endonyms pen theikaak loin buai (confused) ding na hi pah lo hi. Gentehna dingin, Saint Petersburg khuapi vai tawh kisai bang en pak leng, 1914 in Petrograd (Петроград) ci-in kilaih a, 1924 in Leningrad (Ленинград) ci-in kilaih kik a, 1991 in Saint Petersburg (Санкт-Петербург Sankt-Peterbúrg) ci-in kilaih kik veve hi. St Petersburg pen German kammal kibatna bul sinna leh a khiatna a kilaihlaih (etymology) ahih hangin 1914 - 1991 kikal in German exonym hi ngei lo a, tua mah bangin Nieuw Amsterdam zong 1664 kum in Dutch ten New York City a min phuakin a laih hangun Dutch exonym na hilo hi.
Endonym in Zomi hong kilim zatna pen 1953 pawlin Kawlgam ah ZBC pawlpi, India ah Zomi political movement 1980s in ZNC, 1990s in ZC or ZRA hong khit nung leh a beisa kum 31 in Kawlgam ah ZNC panin ZCD hong kiphuan khit nung khawng pan hi bek hi. I biakna leh i political movement a kilaih tawh kituakin leitung bei dong Zomi cih zong kizang suak ding leh kideih suak ding maw cih zong kigen thei lo hi. Zo+mi pen noun kammal tuak ahih manin grammar man/dik in en leng gawmkhop ding kammal zong hilo lai sawnsawn a, Zo Mite (Zo people) khawng ci-in kigelh leh grammar man hi zaw lai hi (nong leh noun kammal grammar ah kigawm lo hi).

Khuapi leh khuata min, mun leh mual min, minam min kilaih (kikhekte) pen a kilaih khit nungin a lui (outdated) suak thei napi historicisms hangin kizang veve a, zat loh kiphamawh hi. Gentehna dingin, tu ni dongin Russia gam-a Leningrad khuapi 1941 - 1944 kikal a ki-umcihna (Siege of Leningrad) kigengen lai napi, a khuapi min Leningrad a kicih manin Petersburg ki-umcipna (Siege of St. Petersburg) kigen kha lo hi. Tua mah bangin pawl khatte in Immanuel Kant pen 1724 pen in Königsberg ah piang a, Kaliningrad (Калининград) ah piang lo ahih manin 1946 panin Kalininingrad na kici pan hi ci uh hi.

Chinese khuapite lakah Beijing leh Nanjing cihte zong tu nai-in na kikhek lo a, tua bang hun lai-in Mandarin Chinese (pau kizang minthang diak kum zalom 19 hun in Nanjing pau pen Beijing pau in kilaih) in Chinese postal monanization convention lui hangin Nanjing pau bulphuh-a zangin English in Peking leh Nanking kizang hi (Nanjing pau bulphuh in 1970 in Mandarin pau official romanization method in a kizat manin Beijing pau hong kizangin transcript kibawlin Pinyin a kicih ma). Mandarin pronunciation pen English ah aw gin' kibat lohna (phoneme) tawh kituak khin lian lo ahih manin English pau zangte in standard English pronounciation kizang leh romanization hangin pronounciation man tuan lo hi ci uh hi.

Gentehna dingin, Mandarin pau in Beijing phoneme masa pen hu khahkhia loin a khawl (unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop) hi napi, English ah 'b' hi a, English allophone ah 'p' in a kipal cilna vowel sound nei-in consonant in a umkualh ah kingaih gin'sak (stressed syllables) lo a, hu khahkhia in a gin' dan kibang lo kizang hi. Tua ahih manin English speaker ten "Bei" or "Pe" cih khat zaw penpen English pronunciation rules zang le-uh Chinese khuapi minte a lawh dan uh lo khial ding uh hi. Tua ahih manin older English speakers a tam zawte in English pau min tawh Chinese khuapi luite a sap ngei bangin na sam veve lai uh a, tu dongin Peking opera, Peking duck leh Peking University cih bangin a gen ciangun nuamsa zaw uh hi.

Saint Petersburg khuapi mah bangin historical event hangin Nanking Massacre (1937) zong tu hunin a khuapi min pen Nanking na kici ahih manin Nanjing ci-in a kilaih hangin Nanjing Massacre kici tuan lo a, kilaih tuan hi. Tua mah bangin Korean tampite lakah Busan zong ni dangin Pusan na kici a, Incheon pen Inchon na kici a, Roman lai (A,B,C, etc) hong kizatna hang (romanization) tawh a kilaih hi napi-in, tu dong Korean pronunciations in a khuapi lui min tawh a kilawh dan a kilaih luatna na om tuan lo hi.

India gam-a Madras khuapi zong tu-in Chennai ci-in a kilaih pen special case khat hi. Madras khuapi-ah colonial Englishmen (mikang gamkeekte) kum zalom 17 bul in a ten' lai-un Madras leh Chennai ci-in a nih in na kizang a, ten'na mun (settlement) thak a suak khuatate a genna uh hikha ding hi. Hih vai tawh kisai-ah Madras pen exonym suak a, tu nai diak a kipanin Chennai pen endonym suak hi. Calcutta panin Kolkatta, Bombay panin Mumbai etc cihte zong a kilaih dan hi bang dan hi lel hi.

Tua mah bangin Istanbul (Turkish pau in İstanbul) pen Turkish ten 1923 leh 1930 kikal in Medieval Greek phrase kizang tawh kisawhkha nuam nawn loin Istanbul ci-in a laih hangun Greek ten Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολη) mah ci veve lai uh hi. Constantinople ci-in a khuapi min a kilaih ma-in Byzantion (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Latin: Byzantium) na ci uh a, Greek ten a khuapi phuankhia dingin a upmawh uh (mythical founder) Byzas' min a tapsak uh ahi hi.

Minam dangte in exonym a zat ban uh-ah historical records tengah Chin, Kuki, Chin Hills, Lushai Hills ci-in a zat uh pen en endonym bek man pen hi ci-in i zakdah pong hangin a kikhel ding hi tuam loin historisms hangin laih ziauziau theih pah ding hilo hi. Mikang gamkeekte hong lut cil un i gam leh i leitang min pen Zogam ahih kei leh Zomi i cih loh banah tua bangin ciamtehna kician nei lo ihih manin, "Amau khialhna hi, sila min tawh hong kisapna min hi..." va cih laulau theih pah zong hilo a, amau kammal leh awsuah tawh a sap baih ding, ei leh ei i tualsuak min dingin kisapna leh kiciamtehna kician i na neih nai loh man zong hikha ding hi.

Official leh historical ciamtehna om khinsa teng khuplet zawhna dingin i tangthute lai tampi in i gelh a, gam leh lei kician i neih zawh mateng pen official leh historical ciamtehna om khinsa teng mah ut in ut kei ta leng i zat loh a kiphawtmawh hun om den ding a, a zang nuam lai teitei i mipihte zong i va mawhsak pah ding zong a dik leh hoih pen hi khin pah lo ding hi. Ei Zomite pen mid-1900s khawng pan bekin Zomi leh Zogam cih terminology a zang pan minamte ihih banah historical records kician nei lo minamte (i history gelhna savun ui in hong tuahmang sak peuh kici) ihih manin thakhat thu-in na khempeuh ei deihna bangbangin endonym zangin i laih ziau zawh ding hamsa kha lai ding bang hi.

Exonyms tawh hong kisapna teng zadah in endonyms min zangin i kisapna bek i deih leh en zong Hindute = Kalate/Vaite; Burmese = Kawlte, Chinese = Sente, British = Mikangte/Mangkangte ahih kei leh France = Piantit; Imphal = Phaipi, Kalemyo = Kawlpi; Yangon = Zangkong etc etc cih theihna ding rights kinei tuan lo hi. Minam (nation) leh namke/nambing (ethnic or tribe) kizatna nangawn thei zo nai loin ethnographers siam pen bangin kingaihsun pongin, ethnics/tribes official recognition om khinsa teng phiatmang a, tua mun tengah Zomi cih bek zat ding, a zang nuam lo khempeuh minam langpang hi ci-in i ngaihsut miau mawk leh - Zomi Sammeetna, Zomi Habawlna, Zomi Ansai (Hotels & Restaurants), Zomi Tea Hotel, Zomi Khedapbawlna cih bang sai min omte a va zuan tangtang lo peuhmah minam langpang hi ci-in ngawh leng tua tawh ngaihsutna kawcik hong kibang ding hi.

Exonyms leh endonyms kizatna a kibat loh dan tel lopi-in na khempeuh zakdah pah laulau dingin i ngaihsut leh i hehna ding, i sinso velval pahna ding hong dim den ding hi. Endonym leh exonym kizatziate pen leitung bei dongin bei ngei lo ding a, amau kizatna san ciat ah mun nei den ding uh uh hi. Manipur government leh Indian nationalism discourse ah central government ah populism len anti-immigration huzap hong hat tawh kituakin CAA, NRC cihte thukham (law) a suah khit nungsang i identity hihna thuman tawh lahna ding (evidence) hong kikalh ding ahih manin North-East India ah Sukte tribe ci-in hong kiciamtehna states lite: Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya leh Mizoram ah hong kiciamtehna pen i tribe hihna cian historical records kician pen leh endonym in hong kiciamtehna hoh i bitna pen a suah khak ding thubaih leh kilawm peuh hong bang zawsop ta bang hi (Ukpipa Kam Hau panin historical records kician takin om ahih manin). 
THUKHUPNA: Minam itna kawcik lungsim paai; amau minam a thupi pen banga ngaihsunte (narrow nationalism; chauvinists) in endonym leh exonym kibat lohna a khentel theih loh manun i tualsuak min tawh i kiciamtehna leh kilawhna (endonym zangin) Zomi cih a sang thei nai lo, namdangte leh gamdangte hong sapna leh theihna (exonym zangin) Chin ahih kei leh Kuki cih bang a zang nuam zaw, a deih zaw laite minam it lo, national movement langpang, Zomi langpang peuh ci-in ngawhsuk zanzan in, gal bangin en-in, gal bangin a bawl kitam mahmah lai hi. Hih bang tawh minam itna omna munte ah kipumkhatna ding sangin kitelkhialhna ding lianpi piangsak baih mahmah zawsop hi. Tua dan ngaihsutna va neih pah pen minam itna dik leh man hilo a, minam itna kawcik, endonym leh exonym kizatzia nangawn a tel nai lote hi zaw hi. I minam itna pen a kawcik, a toi hi loin a zai, a picing, a taanzau i suahsak theih ciang bekin kipumkhatna, kigawmkhawm kik theihna, kilemkikna leh khantohna (unity, re-unification, reconciliation and development) hong piang thei pan ding hi bek hi.

I minam itna pen a kawcik, a toi hi loin a zai leh picing i suahsak theih ciang bekin kipumkhatna, kigawmkhawm kik theihna, kilemkikna leh khantohna i minam sungah hong piang theih ciang bekin mainawtna taktak (real and true movement) hong piang thei pan bek ding hi. A masa dingte nunungsak den lo zaw in, a nunung pen ding masa sak den thapai loin khat khit khat amau i zia leh tong tawh a ngeinazia (process) tawh i paisak ciang bekin i national movement hong mazangin, hong daupai in, hong muibun leh lawhcing thei pan bek ding hi cih lungngai pha kik in, phawk pha kik ni. I ngaihsutna a kawcik leh i thawlna mun kawcik a, i ngaihsutna taanzau sak leng i thawlna mun zong taanzau in zai hi cih mangngilh kei ni. Endonym leh exonym zatna telsiam sawm in, a zat dan khentel siam ni.

By: Thang Khan Lian #ZUNs

Maan: Ei Zomite ahih kei Kukite nation kicite sungah minam leh gam vai tawh kisai i buaina uh leh nationalism i muhna ciang uh pen a nuai-a cartoon dan tawh a kibang kitam mahmah lai hi.