POLITICS LEH DEMOCRACY VAI TAWH KISAI TAM LO ETNA LEH KUPNA LEH HILHCIANNA

POLITICS LEH DEMOCRACY VAI TAWH KISAI TAM LO ETNA LEH KUPNA LEH HILHCIANNA

Thupatna: Ei khamtung mite sungah “politics leh democracy” cih a uk leh lawp kitam pian ta napi hih kammal nihte a khiatna taktak bang hiam cihna a telcian lo mi kitam lai mahmah bang a, tel mahmah danin pawl khatte in a kampi bek uh tawh gengen napi un a concept a taktakin (reality) i zuih ding taktak ciangin a deih lo leh zadah na tam bilbel hi. Ngaihsutna leh a concept tawm gen kha le'ng minam leh makaite langpang hi teh, ci-in hong ngawh ngam lai tam mahmah a, democracy cih a gengen hangun kum zalom 20 hun in Europe gam-a radical authoritarian ultranationalism tawh dictatorial power zangin thatang hatna tawh langte bengdai in society leh economy aana tawh ukkhumna (fascism) tawh ki-ukna bangin i democratic rights khempeuh hong betdaihsak nuam makai kici leh makai ut leh gam leh minam it kici kitam lai mahmah hi. Hih kammal nihte i theitel mateng pen kum zalom 21 hun ah i nungta zongin gam leh minam vai in a tel zo ngei lo ding mi kamsiate ahi uh hi.

Pawl khatte in laisimna panin thutheihna, pilna leh ciimna a kingah theih lam phawkkhia nai loin tua bang ngaihsutna nei nai lo uh hi lai hiam amau omna a thupiang leh politics bek amau bekin a thei keek pen ding bek kisa-in a thei pen leh a pil pen bangin pau phiatphiat ngam lai uh hi. Tu hun pen leitung bup khuata khat bang (Global Village) hun ahih tawh kituakin “Technology Age” i ci ding hiam, “Internet Age” i ci zaw ding hiam hun hita ahih manin laibu hoih nono leh laibu manpha leh a lui mahmahte nangawn sum tawh lei i zawh loh dingte nangawn online panin ngah leh sim ziahziah theih hun, gam khat i pau leh ham i theih loh zenzen hangin mangpau thei peuh le'ng a ngeina uh, a gam tuanthu leh tangthute (history) uh, a political system uh a gam-a om lai sim lote sangin tel zawk theih hun hita hi.

POLITICS I CIH BANG?

“Politics” cih kammal pen Greek kammal “polis” cih (city-state a cihna) panin hong kilakhia hi. Politics cih kammal zang masa pen “a dik leh a man a nuntakna tawh nuntak ding” (living a virtuous life) kisam hi cih a bulphuh a pang mi - kum zalom 4 BC hun a Greek philosopher Aristotle in a laibu “Politics” cih a gelhna panin hong zat masak ahi hi. Greek ten “polis” cih kammal pen khuapi (city) a cihna uh hi a, thukhensatna (decision making), thukham;thukhun (law) bawlna, thuneihna (power) zangin ki-ukna leh kivaihawmna hoih (governance) bawlna ding cihte ah “polis” kammal na zang uh hi.

Greek mite in “politika” cih kammal pen khuapi sunga thupiang leh dinmun (affairs of the state) a genna uh hi a, gam (state) khat sunga teng mite vaihawmna hoih tawh ki-ukna a pian' theihna ding genna kammal in na zang uh hi. Politics kammal pen a cilin Ancient Greek mite in khuapi genna dingin “polis”; tua leh gam mite (citizen) genna dingin “polites”; state affairs ah governance genna dingin “politicos”; Old French in “poltique” (political a cihna) leh kum zalom 15 kim pawlin Early Modern English ah “Polettiques” ci-in a kizang late Middle English hun 1430 in “politic” cih bangin hong kizang pen tu dong i zat tohtoh uh kammal suak hi.

Medieval Age tawp lam in English kammal ah Greek pau “politika” panin Latin in “politicos” panin kila Old French pau ah “politique” kici panin “political” ci-in na zang uh hi. Democracy i cih ciangin mipi a tamzaw (majority) deihna banga ki-ukna leh kivaihawmna genna hi a, mipi a tamzaw deihna tawh kituakin mipite sik leh tang dinga palai leh nasem/sila (public representative or public servant) ding (gam makai i cihte) kiteelcing a, tuate state assemble (MLA or House of Representative) leh parliament (MP or Senator) ding kisawl a, mipite teelcing mite vaihawmna tawh ki-ukna (republican government system) hong piangkhia hi.

Politics cih kammal a khiatna pen gam khat leh kuam (area) khat sungah ki-ukna hoih om theihna dingin gamtatna leh silbawlna tawh kisai lamsang (governance process) genna; ahih kei leh thuneihna (power) len parties sunga kinialna (debate) genna dingin kizang hi. Tua loin politics cih kammal pen kipawlna sungah thuneihna khan’sakna ding ahih kei leh mi khatpeuh nuntakna noptuamsakna leh laptohna (welfare) ding ngimna tawh nasep silbawl lamsang genna hi. Politics pen thuneihna kituhna; thuneihna parties lente kinialna (debates) leh thuneihna keek liatna ding bek hi loin taangpi taangta nuntak khuasak noptuamna ding leh dinmun laptohna dingin ki-ukna hoih (governance) pian’sakna ding genna dinga kammal kizang ahi hi.

DEMOCRACY I CIH BANG?

Democracy i cih pen state sunga member dinga citna neite; kum cingte (eligible members) ahih kei leh milip a tamzaw ten a palai dingun a deih pen uh a teelna uh tawh ki-ukna omna mun genna dinga kizang kammal hi. Democracy cih kammal pen Greek kammal nih: “demos” (the people) – mipite a cihna leh “kratia or krateia”(power) – ukna (mite ukna; vaihawmna; mipite’ thuneihna) cih kammal panin a kila ahi hi. Democracy gam-ah thuneihna (power) lianpen neite pen gam makaite hi loin mipite hi a, mipite pen to (master) za a lente hi a, makai (leaders) i cihte pen mipite phattuamna dingin nautangte sik leh tanga nasem/sila ahih kei leh palaite (public servants or representatives) hi zaw bek uh hi.

Gam ukte pen kumpi (king) ci-in Zokam in i gengen pen a man het lo thu hi a, Medieval Age (kum zalom 5th-15th kikal genna) hun in gam tam zawte in kumpi ukna (monarchy) na phiatin mipite ukna (democracy) in na laih uh ahih manun kumpi na bei mang dektak a, monarchy panin democracy in thuneihna kilaihna (transition of power) a pian'na dingin gal kidona leh sisan naisan luan'na nasia takin piang a, sisan naisan leh luang tampi tawh democracy na lei na lam uh hi.

Democracy kammal pen French pau in “democratie” kici a, late 16th century panin “democracy” cih kammal hong kizang hi. US President a 16na Abraham Lincoln in, “Democracy i cih pen mipite thuneihna leh vaihawmna (government), thuneihna a len mipite, mipite adinga (hamphatna ding) vaihawmna tawh ki-ukna hi,” na ci hi. Democracy kici pen kumpi ukna nuai-ah gam ki-ukna kiho a, gam uk makai lutang (head of executive) Medieval Age hun in 'divine rights of king' a kizat hun bangin kumpi phengtat leh mot gamtat thei loin gam upadi (constitution) tawh a kituakin a gamtat kei leh Congress or Parliament in impeachment proceedings or vote of no-confidence motion tawh paikhia (impeached) thei ziau hi.

Democracy tawh ki-ukna pen ancient Athens khuapi-ah 507 BC kiim pawl in “land reforms” leh leibat a lohkik zawh kei kei leh sila a kineih leh kizatna “debt slavery” vai buaina hong daih ciangin reforms of statesman Solon' hun in na piangkhia hi. Democracy pen Greek city-state ah 562 panin 322 BC kikal sung buaina pawl khat a om hangin na kizang toto hi. Greek Dark Age hun in city-states tuamtuamte ah mi tawm khat bekin thuneihna a letna uh tawh ki-ukna (Oligarchy) hong piangkhia a, dinmun sang nei a kizahtak mite “noble” a kicite bekin thuneihna hong bup lak uh hi. Athens khuapi-ah Areopagus kici council leh law court hong piangkhia a, hih mun ah taangpi taangta sungah panmun sang nei leh min leh za neite ''aristocratic class" kicite pawl bekin state machinery khempeuh uk-in kumpi ulian (official) len dingte guang uh a, civil court ah tu in, za niam nei "lower class" kicite in zum ah tutna ngah thei lo uh hi.

Ahih hangin citizen-soldier model “Hoplite” kici kum zalom 8-7 BC in hong pian'khiat ciangin thuneihna lente in buaina hong tuak pah uh a, mi khempeuh liangko kikim hi, rights leh hamphatna kikim hi, cih upna (egalitarianism) hong piangkhia hi. Hoplite kicite pen sila ahi lo a suakta gammi hihna nei (free citizens or non-slaves) mite sung panin panin galhiam liante tawi-in “phalanx” military formation panmun bawlin a vei lam-a om galkap humbit pawlte hi. Galhiam a tawi thei pasal khempeuh in state humbit dingin kipiakhia uh ahih manin hih thu hangin “middle class” kicite hong piangkhia hi. Middle class hong pian'khiat ciangin nasepna (service) len thei ding ci-in kiciamtehna ngahin kipulak a, full-citizenship a ngah ban uh-ah political representation len thei dingin hamphatna kipia hi. Tua bang hun lai-in “lower class” kicite in zong kalh leh nget (demands) hong nei uh ahih manin “higher class” kicite tawh amau kikal ah “land reform” leh leibat lohkik zawh kei leh sila a kineihna leh kizatna “debt slavery” vai hangin civil society sungah buaina piang thei dinmun in hong om hi.

Ancient Athens khuapi-ah 507 BC kiim pawl in “land reforms” leh na leibat na lohkik zawh kei leh sila a kineihna “debt slavery” vai buaina hong daih ciangin reforms of statesman Solon' hun in hong pian'khiat ciangin state vai tawh kisai citizens ngah khempeuh in vote khia thei ding hi; law court ah citizenship ngah khempeuh citna siamna neite in panmun len thei ding hi; aristocracy class mite in zum sangpen (highest office) uk ding uh a, middle class mite in zum niam zawte uk ding uh hi; mi zawngte in thukhen za a let theihna dingun aisanna (lot) tawh len thei ding uh hi, cih thukhamte hong kibawl ciangin Greek city-states ah democracy hong piangkhia masa pen hi.

Kum zalom 6 BC bei kuanin kumpi gilo Peisistrators in thuneihna hong let ciangin kumpi gilo nuai-ah ki-ukna (tyranny) hong piang hi. Tua hun in Cleisthenes in aristocratic class mite makaih in lower class mite tawh hong pangkhawm uh a, kumpi gilo Peisistratos’ thuneihna hong laksak uh hi. Cleisthenes in popular government (direct democracy zong a kici – representative democracy ahi lo) democracy diktak 507 BC in true democratic institution kici hong piangkhiasak a, government ah panmun len ding za kiluahsawnna (hereditary) phiatin citizenship neite sung panin panmun len ding mi guang a, citizenship a nei picing khempeuh (numei leh gamdang mi kihel lo) in voting rights hong ngah uh a, Boule hong phuahpha kik-in council 500 omna legislation hong bawlkhiatna panin thukham (laws) kibawl ahih manin “Egalitarian government” kici hong piangkhia hi.

Ahih hangin Polenesian War lai-in Sparta khuapi mite in Athens khuapi hong zawh ciangun Athens khuapi sunga Oligarchy class pawlte in democracy hangin kithanem hi, ci-in democracy nih vei phiat uh hi. Oligarchs pawlte in democracy nih vei hong phiat ciangun a lehnan’na leh lehdona dingin counter-revolution kici hong piang a, democracy tawh ki-ukna nih vei a kiphiat lai-in kum khat sung tuakin kitungding kik pah a, kum 80 sung democracy nungta suak hi. Macedonia kumpipa Philip II in Athens khuapi a lak khit nung leh a tapa Alexander the Great in 322 BC in Athens khuapi a lakkik khit nungin democracy kibeisak (abolished) hi.

Hellenistic period a kicih hun kum zalom 1 BC leh 2 BC kikal sungin democracy a kihin'kiksak (revived or restored) hangin Rome-te in 146 BC in Athens a lak khit nungun democracy hong si hi. Athens ah democracy a kiphiatmang hangin Athenian Science leh Philosophy tu dong nungta-in suakta lai a, Greek philosophers Plato leh Aristotle’ laigelhte huzapna hangin tu dong democracy hing lai hi. 2015 in leitung gam 195 omte lak panin gam 125 ah democracy tawh ki-ukna government om a, a kum hong paipai tawh kituakin democracy lunggulhna hangin kibehto zel hi.

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT GAM KICITE AH HIH BANGTE OM A, A OM LOH KIPHAMAWH HI (A OM KEI LEH DEMOCRACY PEN A MANPHATNA OM LO HI):-

1. Thuneihna (power) a kikim in mun thum ah kikhenna (balance separation) om hi:

(a) Legislative: Parliament or House ah thukham/thukhun bawlte (MLAs leh MPs or representatives leh senators); (b) Executive: Senior level ah gamvai tawh kisai upadi tawh kituakin nasem dinga panmun lente; thukhensatna bawlte (decision-makers); (c) Judiciary: Thukham leh khenna lamsang (law and legal system) ah thuneihna len leh thukhenna lamsang mawhpuakna len thukhente (Low leh High Court leh Supreme Court judges) cihte hi. Judiciary pen a suakta pumpi (independent body) hi a, a thukhenna uh leh thuneihna uh executive leh legislative body in thuneihna neih khum thei lo ahih manin executive, legislative leh judiciary bodies a thum in independent body in kikhen ahih manin "systems of balances and checks" kici kizui hi.

2. Democratic ngeina (democratic system):

Democracy tawh ki-ukna gam khatpeuh ah political party khat sanga tamzaw om a, kipawlna tuamtuam (organizations) khat sanga tam zaw (pluralistic) om hi. Political party khat sanga tamzaw om theih lohna mun leh kipawlna tuamtuam om theih lohna pen democratic system kici thei lo a, fascists system (opposition party dang om ding phal lohna tawh state in economy leh society khauh takin uk khum a, galkapte in thuneihna lianpi nei-in right-wing political belief tawh ki-ukna) ahih kei leh monarchical system (kumpi khat thuneihna) tawh ki-ukna leh kivaihawmna suakin democratic system teng kigo lum hi. Thuneihna len (ruling party) limlim a muhna bangun gen in thukhen theihna - i Zokam ah gensia i cih se (criticized) leh langpan’ (oppose) theih lohna mun ah democracy nungta zo lo a, thukhun khauh takin thuneihna lente deihna bangbanga ki-ukna piang ahih manin democracy leh democratic sprit nungta zo loin si hi.

3. Hamphatna (Rights):

(a) Human Rights: (i) Mikim in amau ngaihsutna leh deihna launa nei loin suakta takin genkhiat theihna dingin hamphatna (freedom of speech and expressions) nei uh hi. (ii) Thau tawi loin kipawlna (organization or association) khatpeuh phuankhiat theihna ding leh a mihon kipawlkhop (assemble) theihna dingin hamphatna nei uh hi. Right to Assemble thukhun pen US ah First Amendment kici a Constitution uh-ah a om hangin Second Amendment in buaina piangsak loin thau tawi-in pawl khatpeuh phuankhiat theihna ding hamphatna nei uh hi (government a lehdo kei peuh uh leh).

(b) Political Rights: (i) Gam mi hihna nei kum cing mi (kum 18 tung lam) khempeuh in vote khiat theihna dingin “right to vote” hamphatna nei uh a, amau mimal vote tawh elections kituhna a kihel candidates khatpeuh a vote uh a piak theihna dingin deihteel theihna (right to choose representative) ding hamphatna nei uh hi. A deih pen uh vote pia in, a vote uh-ah thuneihna a neih kei uh leh democracy man lo gam hi pah hi. (ii) Thukham palsat mi gilo hi ci-in ciamtehna nei (criminal record) ahih kei buang leh picing khatpeuh (gam pawl khatte in Constitution in a kum a ciangtan ding nei) in election tuh thei (run for election) hi. Criminal record nei lah hilo napi-in elections khatpeuh a tuh theih kei a, minam vai leh biakna vai hangin a kidalna leh kideidantuamna (obstruction and discrimination) a om leh democracy tawh ki-ukna gam hi kici thei lo hi.

4. Rule of Law: Political society sungah a utpeuh in thukham amau khut sungah la (taking laws into own hands) thei lo hi. Tangpi tangta in thukham (law) kizahtak a, thukham in lim takin na a sep theihna dingin kiphal hi. Thukham in a zawng leh a hau, thuneihna nei leh nei lo, a thahatte leh a thanem a zawngkhawlte deidantuam nei loin a kibangin thukham tawh kivaihawmna om a, thukham kizahtak hi. Thukham in deidantuam leh angvantuam a nei a, president leh gam uk uliante ading thukham tuam.a om sese leh rule of law om lo hi pah hi.

5. Media: (i) Pluralistic: Media nam tuamtuam om ding dalna leh nawngkaisakna bangmah om lo hi. (ii) Independent: Media tuamtuam omte in suahtakna nei uh a, a utpeuh uh suahsak theihna dingin “media freedom” rights kipia hi. (iii) Free: Media tuamtuam om theihna dinginm dalna leh nawngkaisakna ding bangmah government in thukham bawl khum thei lo hi. Democracy in kingakna khuampi (pillars) li nei a- Executive, Legislative, Judiciary leh a lina Media hi. Media a kilangdona gam leh a suahtak lohna gam-ah democracy cidam zo lo hi. Amah a pum phat leh pum gup lo media peuhmah gam ukpa leh gam uk ruling party gensia hi, Fake News vive hi, mipite gal hi, a cici makai leh party pen democracy adingin gal lianpen hi a, Adolf Hitler leh Benito Mussolini danin nazism leh fascism tawh gam a uk nuamte lungsim leh ngaihsutna leh kampau zat ahi hi.

6. Transparency and Accountability: Democracy tawh ki-ukna gamte ah gam makaite, ulian, thuneite, police leh army leh kumpi nasep za lian neite (bureaucrats) sungah thusim seelsim leh ipsim leh keel luphum cih bang om thei loin na khempeuh kimuhpailetna (transparency) om ahih manin transparency leh accountability kizangin upadi palsat makaite zumkong mangkong ah kikhia thei hi. State/government leh defense/security dengdel theihna ding, gam mite nuntakna dengdelna leh lauhthawngsakna ding piangsak theite bek “state or defence secret” ci-in CONFIDENTIAL ahih kei leh CLASSIFIED ci-in kikoih bek a, thu dang khempeuh kimupailet a, kisit theihna (accountability) om den hi.

Thuneihna leh vaihawmna lente pen genbaang lo mi cih kuamah om thei lo a, amau gamtatna tawh kituakin kikankhuat thei, kikalh thei, kiciamteh leh simsak theihna;sit theihna (accountability) om hi. Thukham a palsat ciangun dan (punishment) kipia a, hihkhialh sepkhialh a neih uh leh mipite in dot theihna ding leh zumkong mangkong ah khia in thonginn dong ah khum theihna ding rights kinei tek hi. A phun nuam leh a gensia nuam, a langpang nuam, a pum gup nuam leh a pum phat nuamte in rights kinei ciat hi. Ahih hangin democracy gam-ah freedom of speech and expression om hi ci-in mindaisakna (defamation) dingin fake news leh disinformation zuau bulomtang khahkhah leh gengen manin zumkong mangkong tun' theih banah thongkiat theihna dingin Defamation Law khauh mahmah om hi.

Thukhupna: Kum zalom 21 hun in politics leh democracy i gengen lai-in i politics leh democracy muhna leh san' zia a tunga tam lo i gente tawh a kituak hiam? Democracy deih takpi ihi hiam? Politics thei takpi ihi hiam? Democracy tawh ki-ukna pen tu hun in ki-ukna hoihpen in kingaihsun in kideih pen a, 2015 in leitung gam 195 lakah gam 125 pen democracy tawh ki-ukna hita hi. Nang democracy deihna bang hiam? Democracy piankhiat ma kum zalom 5 BC ma-a ki-ukna deih a ciahkik sawm lai na hi hiam? Na democracy otpihpih fascism ahih kei leh nazism hi zaw hiam? A dik lo nate delh na khawlsan ciangin a dik nate in nang hong man kha zo pan bek ding hi.

️Thang Khan Lian